Reviewer #7 Flashcards
A chronic multisystem disease related to
abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both
Diabetes Mellitus
The leading cause of:
Adult Blindness (diabetic retinopathy)
End-stage Kidney Disease (diabetic nephropathy)
Nontraumatic lower limb
amputations (diabetic neuropathy)
Major contributing factor to heart disease and stroke
Diabetes
A hormone produced by the β-cells (beta
cells) in the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas; continuously released into the bloodstream in small pulsatile increments, with increased release when food is ingested.
Insulin
For this reason, insulin is an
Anabolic or Storage Hormone
Formerly known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes
Type 1 DM
Predisposition to Type 1 diabetes is related to
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs).
A form of Type 1 diabetes that
is strongly inherited and not related to autoimmunity.
Idiopathic Diabetes
A slowly progressing autoimmune form of Type 1 diabetes, usually occurs in people who are over the age of 35 who are not obese.
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA)
3 P’s
Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
Polyuria (frequent urination)
Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
The individual with Type 1 diabetes requires
Insulin from an outside source (exogenous insulin) to sustain life
Without insulin, the patient will develop
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Formerly known as adult-onset diabetes (AODM) or non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM).
Type 2 DM
In Type 2 diabetes the pancreas usually continues to
Produce some endogenous (self-made) insulin.
The insulin that is produced is either insufficient for the needs of the body or is poorly used by the tissues or both.
The presence of endogenous insulin is a major
distinction between the Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
(In type 1 diabetes, there is
an absence of endogenous
insulin).
Diagnostic Tests
FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)
2 ° PPBS (Post Prandial Blood Sugar)
OGTT/GTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test)
Glycoslylated Hemoglobin (Most accurate)
Medications
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
Insulin
Cold insulin injection causes
Lipodystrophy
Normal Glucose Level
Approximately 70 to 120 mg/dL
(3.9 to 6.66 mmol/L)
Average amount of insulin secreted daily by an adult
Approximately 40 to 50 U, or 0.6 U/kg of body weight
For any s/s of injury (foot care), consult a
Podiatrist
