Reviewer #2 Flashcards
a chronic symptom of mucosal damage caused by
stomach acid reflux into the lower esophagus.
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)
the backward flow of gastric contents into
the esophagus, when this occurs, the person
experiences heartburn
Reflux
is the most common clinical
manifestation causing burning, and retrosternal pain
that may radiate to the jaw or other chest areas.
Heartburn (pyrosis)
causes gastric acid to enter
the throat leaving a metallic, bitter taste in the
mouth.
Regurgitation or reflux
discomfort-centered pain in the
upper abdomen (mainly in or around the midline as
opposed to the right or left hypochondrium)
Dyspepsia
Hypersalivation
(water brash
(sense of a lump in the
throat)
globus sensation
an inflammation of the esophagus is a
common complication of GERD.
Esophagitis
an esophageal metaplasia
where the epithelial cells in the distal esophagus change in columnar epithelial cells.
Barett’s Esophagitis
a condition of excessive acid in the
stomach that can cause heartburn, throat burn, sour
taste, and other problems.
Hyperacidity
to evaluate the esophagus,
stomach, and upper small intestine.
Barium swallow
to permit direct visualization of
the esophagus
Upper endoscopy
measures pressures of the
esophageal sphincters and esophageal peristalsis.
Esophageal manometry
are common and effective
treatments for symptomatic GERD
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine (H²)-
receptor blockers
an antiulcer drug, is used in
some patients with GERD for its cytoprotective
properties.
Sucralfate (Carafate)
increase LES pressure, improve
esophageal emptying in the supine position, and
increase gastric emptying.
Cholinergic drugs
a procedure in which
the gastric fundus is wrapped around the distal
esophagus, is the treatment of choice for GERD
Laparoscopic fundoplication
is a herniation of a portion of the stomach into the
esophagus through an opening, or hiatus, in the
diaphragm. It is also referred to as diaphragmatic
hernia and esophageal hernia.
HIATAL HERNIA
Hiatal hernias are classified into the following two
types:
strangulation of the hernia, and regurgitation with
tracheal aspiration.
The junction of the stomach and the
esophagus is above the diaphragm, and a part of
the stomach slides through the hiatal opening in
the diaphragm.
Sliding
The esophagogastric
junction remains in the normal position, but the
fundus and the greater curvature of the stomach
roll up through the diaphragm, forming a pocket
alongside the esophagus.
Paraesophageal or Rolling
is an inflammation of the stomach lining, resulting
from irritation of the gastric mucosa
GASTRITIS
is a benign, most common form, of
self-limiting disorder associated with the ingestion of
gastric irritants such as aspirin, NSAIDs, alcohol,
caffeine, or foods contaminated with certain
bacteria.
Acute Gastritis,
is a separate group of disorders
characterized by progressive and irreversible
changes in the gastric mucosa
Chronic Gastritis
an inherited
condition in which there is an immune response
directed against parietal cells
Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis
associated with an increased risk
of stomach cancer.
Atrophic gastritis
characterized by disruption of the
mucosal barrier by a local irritant, that allows
hydrochloric acid and pepsin to meet the gastric
tissue, resulting in irritation, inflammation, and
superficial erosions.
Acute Gastritis
A severe form of acute gastritis, erosive or stressinduced gastritis occurs as a complication of other
life-threatening conditions such as shock, severe
trauma, major surgery, sepsis, burns, or head injury.
Erosive Gastritis
When these erosions follow a major burn, they are
called
Curling’s ulcers.
When stress ulcers occur following a head injury or
CNS surgery, they are referred to as
Cushing’s ulcers
is the less common form of chronic
gastritis. the body
produces antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic
factors. These antibodies destroy gastric mucosal
cells, resulting in tissue atrophy and the loss of
hydrochloric acid and pepsin secretion. Because
intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of
vitamin B12, this immune response also results in
pernicious anemia.
Type A chronic gastritis
the more common form of chronic
gastritis is caused by chronic infection of
the gastric mucosa by H. pylori, a gram-negative
spiral bacterium. H. pylori infection causes
inflammation of the gastric mucosa, with
infiltration by neutrophils and lymphocytes. The
outermost layer of gastric mucosa thins and
atrophies, providing, a less effective barrier
against the auto-digestive properties of
hydrochloric acid and pepsin
Type B chronic gastritis
an excavation (hollowed-out area)
that forms in the mucosal wall of the stomach, in the
pylorus (the opening between the stomach and
duodenum), in the duodenum (the first part of the
small intestine), or in the esophagus.
peptic ulcer
consists of
severe peptic ulcers, extreme gastric
hyperacidity, and gastrin secreting benign or
malignant tumors of the pancreas
The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES)
associated with superficial erosion
and minimal inflammation. It is of short duration
and resolves quickly when the cause is identified
and removed.
Acute Ulcer
one of long duration, eroding
through the muscular wall with the formation of
fibrous tissue. It is present continuously for many
months or intermittently throughout the person’s
lifetime.
Chronic Ulcer
Although gastric ulcers can occur
in any portion of the stomach, they are most
found in the antrum.
Gastric Ulcers
develops in the lining of the
upper part of the small intestine
Duodenal Ulcers
Partial Gastrectomy with removal of the distal two
thirds of the stomach and anastomosis of the gastric
stump to the duodenum is called
GASTRODUODENOSTOMY or Billroth I operation.
Partial Gastrectomy with removal of the distal two
thirds of the stomach and anastomosis of the gastric
stump to the jejunum is called a
GASTROJEJUNOSTOMY or Billroth II operation.
an adenocarcinoma of
the stomach wall.
Stomach (Gastric) Cancer
3 complications of PUD
- Hemorrhage
- Perforation
- Gastric Outlet Obstruction
