Reviewer #8 Flashcards
How many bones are in the human body?
206
What are the four categories of bones?
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
What determines the shape and construction of a specific bone?
Its function and the forces exerted on it.
What are the usual parts of long bones?
- Diaphysis
- Epiphyses
- Epiphyseal plates
- Cartilages
What are the three basic types of bone cells?
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
The process by which the bone matrix is formed and the hardening of mineral deposits on collagen fibers.
Ossification
What are the two basic models of ossification?
- Endochondral ossification
- Intramembranous ossification
Promotes the formation of bone matrix.
Vitamin C
- Increases the amount of Calcium in the blood
- Promotes absorption of Calcium from the GI tract
- Promotes calcification of bone matrix
Vitamin D
What are the major hormonal regulators of calcium homeostasis?
- Parathyroid hormone
- Calcitonin
A break in the continuity of bone.
Fracture
What can cause fractures?
- Direct blow
- Crushing force
- Sudden twisting motion
- Extreme muscle contraction
Involves a break across the entire cross section of the bone and is frequently displaced.
Complete fracture
A break occurs through only part of the cross-section of the bone.
Incomplete fracture
Fracture has several bone fragments.
Comminunated fracture
A simple fracture that does not cause a break in the skin.
Closed fracture
Also known as compound or complex fracture, it extends to the fractured bone.
Open fracture
A pulling away of a fragment of bone by a ligament or tendon.
Avulsion
A fracture in which bones have been compressed.
Compression fracture
A fracture in which fragments are driven inward.
Depressed fracture
A fracture where one side of a bone is broken and the other side is bent.
Greenstick fracture
A fracture in which a bone fragment is driven into another bone fragment.
Impacted fracture
A fracture occurring at an angle across the bone.
Oblique fracture
A fracture that occurs through an area of a diseased bone.
Pathologic fracture
A fracture that remains contained and does not break the skin.
Simple fracture
A fracture twisting around the shaft of the bone.
Spiral fracture
A fracture that is straight across the bone.
Transverse fracture
What is a common clinical manifestation of a fracture?
- Pain
- Loss of function
- Deformity
- Shortening
- Crepitus
- Swelling & discoloration
Restoration of the fragments into anatomic alignment and rotation.
Reduction
Holding fragments in correct anatomical alignment until union and bone healing occurs.
Immobilization
What are some nursing management strategies for patients with fractures?
- Encourage exercises of unaffected extremities
- Teach safe use of assistive devices
- Monitor for complications
- Encourage high-protein, high vitamin diet
What complications can arise from fractures?
- Shock
- Fat Embolism Syndrome
- Compartment Syndrome
- Deep Vein Thrombosis
- Pulmonary Emboli
- Delayed Union
- Non-Union
- Avascular Necrosis of the Bone
- Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome
- Heterotrophic Ossification
What is the purpose of a cast?
To immobilize a reduced fracture, correct a deformity, and stabilize weakened joints.
What are the contraindications for using a cast?
- Pregnancy
- Skin disease
- Swelling/edema
- Open wound
- Infection
What is the role of splints?
Used for conditions that do not require rigid immobilization and for those that require special skin care.
What are braces used for?
To provide support, control movement, and prevent additional injury.
What are external fixators used for?
To manage open fractures with soft tissue damage.
The application of a pulling force to a part of the body to reduce or maintain alignment of bone fragments.
Traction
What types of traction are there?
- Skin Traction
- Buck’s Extension Traction
- Russell’s Traction
- Dunlop’s Traction
- Skeletal Traction
What are the goals of traction?
- Reduce anxiety
- Achieve comfort
- Encourage mobility
- Prevent complications
May be hypovolemic or traumatic, which results from hemorrhage.
Shock
Due to that fat ❖ globules near the site of the injury that may move into the blood stream, combining with platelets to form an emboli.
Fat Embolism Syndrome
A complication that ❖ develops when tissue perfusion in the muscles is less than that required tissue viability.
Compartment Syndrome
Occurs when healing does not advance at a normal rate for the location and ❖ type of fracture.
Delayed Union
Results from failure of the ends of the fractured bone to unite.
Non-Union
Occurs when the bone loses its blood supply and dies. It may follow fracture with a disruption of the blood supply.
Avascular Necrosis of the Bone
Indicated by pain and decreased function, experienced after the fixators removed; other responses include allergic response, local inflammation.
Reaction to Internal Fixation Devices
An uncommon, painful sympathetic nervous system problem. Often seen more in women, occurring in an extremity after trauma.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome
(Myositis Ossification): the abnormal formation of bone near bones or in muscle in response to soft tissue trauma after an injury.
Heterothrophic Ossification
