Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MODULE 1 > REVIEWER > Flashcards

REVIEWER Flashcards

1
Q

Is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas, primarily from
the Earth’s surface like oceans and moist soil

A

EVAPORATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Factors Affecting the Rate of Evaporation

A

TEMPERATURE
SURFACE AREA
HUMIDITY
STRENGTH OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
RADIATION
WIND VELOCITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

is the plant-driven process of releasing water vapor into the atmosphere through pores on leaves, collectively playing vital roles in the water cycle by redistributing water, regulating climate patterns, and contributing to cloud formation and precipitation

A

TRANSPIRATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Higher temperature increases the average kinetic energy of molecules, facilitating more frequent collisions with sufficient energy to escape into the vapor phase.

A

TEMPERATURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The larger the exposed surface area of the liquid the greater is the number of molecules escaping from its surface. Evaporation is directly proportional to the area
exposed. Larger surface area allows more molecules to escape simultaneously, accelerating the evaporation rate.

A

SURFACE AREA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dry air can hold more water vapor, creating a steeper concentration gradient that enhances evaporation compared to humid conditions.

A

HUMIDITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The ease of evaporation of a liquid is determined by the strength of the attractive forces between its molecules. In polar liquids, cohesive forces are strong, whereas in non polar liquids, cohesive forces are weak, allowing molecules to escape easily.

A

Strength of Intermolecular Forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If atmospheric pressure is increased then due to external pressure molecules on the surface will not move to the atmosphere so if atmospheric pressure increases, rate of evaporation decreases

A

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Solar radiation and temperature are the thermal (radiation and sensible heat energy)
sources that cause water to evaporate from the earth’s surface. The amount of heat energy needed to cause water to pass from a liquid to a gaseous state is called the latent heat of vaporization.

A

RADIATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Increasing the wind speed increases the first stage evaporation rate and decreases the transition time between two evaporative stages (soil water flow to vapor diffusion controlled) at low velocity values; then, at high wind speeds the evaporation rate becomes less dependent on the wind speed

A

Wind velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

As the pressure exerted increases, the intermolecular forces within the liquid weaken, making the liquid more volatile and lowering
its boiling point, thereby accelerating its evaporation rate. Vapor pressure serves as a measure of a liquid’s propensity to evaporate.

A

VAPOR PRESSURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Measurement of Evaporation

A

EVAPORIMETER
EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS
ANALYTICAL METHODS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Vapor Pressure

A

Nature of Liquid
Temperature of the liquid
Presence of Impurities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of Evaporimeter

A

USWB Class A Pan
ISI Standard Pan
Colorado Sunken Pan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

These are pans containing water which are exposed to the atmosphere. Loss of water by evaporation from these pans is measured at regular intervals (daily).

it also allows to measure with high accuracy and reliability the amount of water evaporated in a given time interval. It is specially designed to meet the guidelines established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

A

EVAPORIMETER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A modified form of Class A pan
- A pan of diameter 1220 mm and depth 255 mm
- The pan is made of a copper sheet 0.9mm thick, tinned inside and painted white outside
- The pan is placed on a square wooden platform of width 1225 mm and height 100 mm above ground
level to allow free air circulation below the pan.
- A fixed-point gauge indicates the level of water.

A

ISI (Indian Standards Institution) Standard Pan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A pan of diameter 1210mm and depth 255 mm
- Depth of water is maintained between 18 and 20cm
- The pan is made of unpainted GI sheet
- The pan is placed on a wooden platform of height 15 cm above ground level to allow free air circulation below the pan
-Evaporation is measured by measuring the depth of water in a stilling well with a hook gauge

A

USWB (United States Weather Bureau) Class A Evaporation Pan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

920 mm square pan made of unpainted GI sheet, 460 mm deep, and buried into the ground within 100mm of the top.
- Main advantage of this pan – its aerodynamic and radiation characteristics are like that of a lake.
- Disadvantages – difficult to detect leaks, expensive to install, extra care is needed to keep the surrounding area free from tall grass, dust etc.

A

Colorado Sunken Pan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DRAWBACKS OF EVAPORATION PANS

A

Evaporation pans are sensitive to various environmental factors such as wind speed, temperature, humidity, and solar radiation

Evaporation pans require regular maintenance to ensure accurate measurements. Factors such as debris accumulation, algal growth, and sedimentation can interfere with the pan’s surface, affecting evaporation rates

Evaporation pans may not capture the spatial variability of evaporation within a specific area
accurately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Environmental Impact under transpiration

A

● Deforestation
● Urbanization
● Climate change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Human Impact

A

Water extraction
Pollution
Infrastructure Development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

5 Classifications of Transpiration

A

Stomatal Transpiration
Cuticular Transpiration
Lenticular Transpiration
Hydraulic Lift Transpiration
Guttation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

This type of transpiration occurs through the stomata, which are small pores primarily located on the underside of leaves.

A

Stomatal Transpiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The evaporation of water from a plant’s cuticle. The cuticle is a waxy film that covers the surface of a plant’s leaves

A

Cuticular Transpiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The evaporation of water from the lenticels of a plant.

A

Lenticular Transpiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The transfer of water via roots from the moist and deeper soil layers to relatively drier upper soil layers

A

Hydraulic Lift Transpiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A process by which water is exuded from the tips or edges of leaves, typically in the form of droplets

A

Guttation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • is the combination of evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration from vegetation.
A

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stages of Crop Growths Under Evapotranspiration:

A
  1. Initial Stage
  2. Development Stage
  3. Mid Season Stage
  4. Late Season Stage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Crop Growths less than 10% ground cover

A

Initial Stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

from initial stage to attainment of effective full ground cover (70%-80%)

A

Development Stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

from full ground cover to maturation

A

Mid Season Stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • full maturity and harvest
A

Late Season Stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

is the total water lost from a cropped (or irrigated) land due to evaporation from the soil and transpiration by the plants or used by the plants in building up of plant tissue.

A

Evapotranspiration (Et) or Consumptive Use (U)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

is the evapotranspiration from the short green vegetation when the roots are supplied with unlimited water covering the soil. It is usually expressed as a depth (cm, mm) over the area

A

Potential Evapotranspiration (Ept)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Estimation of Evapotranspiration:

A
  1. Tanks and Lysimeter Experiments
  2. Field Experimental Plots
  3. Installation of Sunken (Colarado) Tanks
  4. Evapotranspiration Equations
  5. Evaporation Index Method
34
Q
  • It involves the growing of crops in large containers (lysimeters) installed in cropped fields and measuring their water loss and gains.
A

Tanks and Lysimeter Experiments

35
Q

Measurements of water supplied to the field and changes in soil moisture contents of field plots are sometimes more dependable for computing seasonal water requirement of crops than measurements with small tanks or lysimeters not free from limitations.

A

Field Experimental Plots

36
Q
  • An evaporation pan is used to hold water during observations for the determination of the quantity of evaporation at a given location
A

Installation of Sunken (Colarado) Tanks

37
Q

Blaney-Criddle method. This method is used throughout the world for the consumptive use determinations.

A

Evapotranspiration Equations

38
Q

U = Σ𝑘𝑡𝑝/ 100 ; U= Σ𝑘𝑝 ( 4.6𝑡 + 81.3)/ 100
U = Σkf = KΣf = KF
f =𝑡𝑝/100 ; f = 𝑝 ( 4.6𝑡 + 81.3)/100

A

Evapotranspiration Equations

39
Q

from pan evaporation data as developed by Hargreaves and Christiansen.
Analysis of data on consumptive use indicates a high degree of correlation between pan evaporation values and consumptive use.
The relationship between the evapotranspiration (Et ) and pan evaporation (Ep) is usually expressed as

A

Evaporation Index Method

40
Q

Et = kEp

A

Evaporation Index Method

41
Q

Factors Affecting Evapotranspiration

A

(i) Climatological factors like percentage sunshine hours, wind speed, mean monthly temperature
and humidity.
(ii) Crop factors like the type of crop and the percentage growing season.
(iii) The moisture level in the soil.

42
Q

The Meyer equation, developed from Dalton’s law, is one of many evaporation formulas and is popular for making evaporation-rate calculations

A

Meyer equation

43
Q

Accounts for the effect of pressure in addition to the wind speed effect

A

3 Rohwer’s Equation

44
Q

EVAPORATION MEASUREMENT METHODS

A

DIRECT METHODS
INDIRECT METHODS

45
Q

o In the _____________method, evaporation is measured using techniques such as water
budget, Lysimeter, and Pan Evaporation.

A

DIRECT METHODS

46
Q

A_______________ for a stormwater treatment practice involves tracking the amount
of water that enters, exits, and is stored by the practice. This is done by assigning discharge values to each process that affects the fate of water, including input processes such as direct precipitation, surface runoff, and conduit or open channel flow, and output processes such as infiltration, evapotranspiration, and conduit or open channel flow

A

WATER BUDGET

47
Q

use either weighing or non-weighing configurations. Non weighing _____________ indirectly determine evaporation rates via volume balance, whereas
weighing-based systems directly measure the amount of water loss or gain per unit time.

A

. LYSIMETER

48
Q

An evaporation pan is a container that is used to measure the amount of evaporation at a specific location. These pans come in various sizes and shapes, with
circular or square pans being the most common. The most well-known types of evaporation pans are the “Class A” pan, ISI Standard Pan, Sunken Colorado Pan, US Geological Survey Floating Pan and Atmometer

A

PAN EVAPORATION

49
Q

It is a Standard Pan of 1210mm diameter and 255mm depth used by the US Weather Bureau and is Known as Class A Land Pan
· The Depth of water is maintained between 180mm and 200mm. The pan is normally made up of unpainted galvanized iron sheets.
· Monel Metal is used where corrosion is a problem
· The pan is placed on a wooden platform of 150mm height above the ground to allow free circulation of air below the pan.
· Evaporation measurements are made by measuring the depth of water with a hook gauge in stilling-well

A

Class A Evaporation Pan

50
Q

This Pan evaporimeter specified by Indian Standard: 5973-1970, also known as MODIFIED CLASS A PAN.
· Pan of 1220mm in diameter with 255mm depth.
· Pan composed of a copper sheet of 0.9mm thickness, tinned inside and painted white outside.
· The pan is placed on the square wooded platform with1225mm height and 100mm above ground level to allow free air circulation below the pan
· A fixed-point gauge indicates the level of water.

A

ISI Standard Pan

51
Q

This pan, has 920mm square side and 460mm depth
· unpainted galvanized iron sheets and buried into the ground with 50mm of the
top.
· The main advantage of this pan – its aerodynamic and radiation characteristics
are similar to those of a lake
· however, it has disadvantages also:
· Difficult to detect leak

A

Colorado Sunken Pan

52
Q

A square pan of 900mm sides and 450mm depth
· It is supported by drum floats in the middle of the raft size 4250mm x 4870mm.
· It is set to float in a lake to simulate the characteristics of a large body of water.
· The water level in the pan is maintained at the same level as that in the lake,
leaving a rim of 75mm.

A

. US Geological Survey Floating Pan

53
Q

Basically, consists of a wet, porous ceramic cup mounted on the top a cylindrical water reservoir.

A

Atmometer

54
Q

consists of a 50mm diameter spherical surface of 2.5mm thick porous materials; the bottle is filled with distilled
water that is supplied continuously to the porous bulb; the loss of water from
the bottle is due to the evaporation.

A

LIVINGSTONE ATMOMETER

55
Q

consists of a graduated glass tube of 15mm in diameter and 300mm in length; filled with water and covered with filter paper; the tube is kept in an inverted position so that there is a continuous supply of
water to the filter paper; The loss of water from glass tube is due to evaporation

A

PICHE ATMOMETER

56
Q

The aerodynamic method refers to a technique used to measure evaporation rates by considering the aerodynamic properties of the surrounding environment. Unlike traditional
methods such as the use of evaporation pans, which rely solely on direct measurement of water loss, the aerodynamic method takes into account the influence of airflow, temperature, humidity,
and other meteorological factors on evaporation.

A

AERODYNAMIC METHOD

57
Q

The _________________-method is a technique used to estimate evaporation rates by analyzing
the energy exchange between the surface of interest (such as a water body or soil) and its
surroundings. It considers the balance of energy fluxes, including incoming solar radiation, outgoing longwave radiation, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux (which represents evaporation).
By quantifying these energy exchanges, the energy budget method provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing evaporation.

A

ENERGY BUDGET METHOD

58
Q

DATA ANALYSIS OF EVAPORATION

______________ data such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation are crucial for understanding the environmental conditions that drive evaporation. Analyzing these data over time helps identify trends and patterns in evaporation rates.

A

Meteorological Data

59
Q

*DATA ANALYSIS OF EVAPORATION
Calculating and analyzing _________________over different periods provides insights into
the overall dynamics of evaporation. This can involve comparing evaporation rates between different locations, seasons, or under different weather conditions

A

Evaporation Rates

60
Q

DATA ANALYSIS OF EVAPORATION
Understanding the___________________involved in evaporation, such as net
radiation, soil heat flux, and latent heat flux, is essential for comprehensive data analysis.
Analyzing these components helps in assessing the relative contributions of various factors to evaporation

A

Energy Balance Components

61
Q

Comparing observed evaporation data with predictions from evaporation models allows for model validation and improvement. Analyzing discrepancies between observed and modeled
evaporation can help identify areas for refinement in modeling approaches

A

Evaporation Models

62
Q

Analyzing spatial and temporal variability in evaporation data provides insights into the
heterogeneity of evaporation processes across different locations and time scales. This can involve spatial interpolation techniques and temporal trend analysis methods.

A

. Spatial and Temporal Variability

63
Q

Examining long-term trends and variability in evaporation data can reveal changes in evaporation patterns over time, which may be influenced by factors such as climate change, land use changes, and anthropogenic activities.

A

. Long-term Trends and Variability

64
Q

Conducting uncertainty analysis helps quantify the uncertainty associated with evaporation measurements and estimates. This involves assessing the reliability of data sources,
instrumentation errors, and uncertainties in modeling approaches.

A

Uncertainty Analysis

65
Q

Exploring correlations between evaporation and other environmental variables, such as precipitation, soil moisture, and vegetation cover, provides insights into the complex interactions driving evaporation processes.

A

Correlation Analysis

66
Q

Analyzing extreme events, such as droughts or heatwaves, and their impacts on evaporation can help understand the resilience of ecosystems and water resources to extreme
climatic conditions.

A

Extreme Events

67
Q

Integrating evaporation data into hydrological models allows for more comprehensive water balance assessments and predictions. Analyzing the interactions between evaporation and other hydrological processes improves the understanding of water cycle dynamics

A

Integration with Hydrological Models

68
Q

Transpiration Measurement Methods

A

Direct Methods
Indirect Methods

69
Q

can be used to measure the rate of transpiration that’s
proportional to water uptake.

A

Potometer

70
Q

Determines water loss by measuring the weight change of a plant or soil

A

Gravimetric Method

71
Q

Calculates the amount of heat energy necessary for water
evaporation.

A

Heat Balance Method

72
Q

used to determine photosynthetic and respiratory
pathways, monitor plant stress, identify the sources of water and nitrogen used by plants, estimate water and nitrogen use efficiencies and reconstruct past climates from plant tissues

A

Stable Isotope Techniques

73
Q

Measures water movement in xylem channels as an indicator
of transpiration

A

Sap Flow Methods

74
Q

Determines transpiration rate by measuring leaf conductivity.

A

Leaf Porometer

75
Q

This involves analyzing evaporation data over time to identify seasonal variations, trends, and long-term patterns. Temporal analysis may reveal seasonal differences in evaporation rates due to changes in temperature, humidity, and solar radiation.

A

Temporal Analysis

76
Q

Spatial analysis involves examining evaporation data across different locations to identify spatial variations and gradients. This analysis may reveal differences in evaporation rates due to variations in environmental factors such as altitude, latitude, land cover, and proximity to water bodies.

A

Spatial Analysis

77
Q

examines the relationship between evaporation rates and other environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, and soil moisture. Identifying correlations can help understand the factors driving
evaporation and improve predictive models.

A

Correlation Analysis

78
Q

can be used to develop empirical relationships between evaporation rates and influencing factors. Regression models may include multiple variables to account for the combined effect of various environmental factors on
evaporation

A

Regression Analysis:

79
Q

Anomaly detection techniques can be applied to identify unusual or extreme events in evaporation data, such as sudden spikes or drops in evaporation rates.
Anomalies may be indicative of unusual weather conditions or measurement errors that need to be investigated further.

A

Anomaly Detection

80
Q

involves comparing evaporation data from different sources, measurement methods, or time periods to assess consistency and identify discrepancies. This analysis helps ensure data quality and reliability

A

Comparative Analysis:

81
Q

assesses the reliability and confidence intervals associated with evaporation measurements and predictions. It involves quantifying
uncertainties arising from measurement errors, model assumptions, and variability in
environmental conditions.

A

Uncertainty Analysis

82
Q

A method used to directly measure water movement in the soil. It involves using
specialized containers

A

lysimeters

83
Q

These lysimeters are equipped with load cells or other
weighing devices to measure changes in mass over time.

A

Weighing Lysimeter

84
Q

Tensiometers are instruments that measure the tension or
suction of soil water.

A

Tensiometer Lysimeter

85
Q

involves conducting scientific research or experimentation directly within a designated area of a field or outdoor environment. These studies are commonly used in agricultural research, ecology, environmental science, and other disciplines where natural conditions play a significant role

A

Field Experimental Plot Study

86
Q

are essential for understanding how water availability
affects plant growth, crop yield, and overall ecosystem health.

A

Soil Moisture Depletion Studies

87
Q

e hydrological techniques used to assess the distribution and
movement of water within a given system over a specified period. These methods are commonly employed in hydrology, agriculture, ecology, and water resources management to understand the
availability and utilization of water in a particular area.

A

Water Balance Methods

MODULE 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions