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Kin 225 > Review Session Ch 18, 19 > Flashcards

Review Session Ch 18, 19 Flashcards

1
Q

A motor unit:

A

Is a neuron and all the muscle fibers it is connected to
-contains only one type of muscle fiber
-receives input from higher brain centres

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2
Q

SR

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum
-where the calcium is stored

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3
Q

These are exchanged across the sarcolemma during contraction

A

Sodium and Potassium

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4
Q

Axons

A

Transmit electrical signals from nervous from nerves to muscle fibers

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5
Q

Motor neurons

A

Nerve cells that are connected to muscle fibers

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6
Q

Motor cortex

A

Part of the brain where voluntary contraction originates

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7
Q

Transverse tubule

A

Indentation of the muscle fibers membrane (sarcolemma)

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8
Q

What are two ways you can increase your force development through how you recruit motor units?

A

Recruit more, increase firing rate

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9
Q

What causes force summation?

A

Ca2+ is not fully released so muscle is not fully removed

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10
Q

What causes tetanus

A

Force maximized through growing summation up to max
-excess of Ca2+

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11
Q

Summation occurs:

A

When a stimulus is delivered to a muscle before it has time to completely relax

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12
Q

Tetanus occurs:

A

When you have a very high amount of calcium released from the SR

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13
Q

A single motor unit can have a mixture of fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibers

A

Fast- can only have one type of

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14
Q

When an action potential is generated in the axon of a motor neuron, only a portion of muscle fibers innervated by that axon will contract if the action potential isn’t strong enough

A

False -all fibers innervated by the axon will contract

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15
Q

fast twitch motor units usually have a higher number of muscle fibers compared to slow twitch motor units?

A

True -large motor units

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16
Q

Muscle hypertrophy occurs during the first week of strength straining at the same time that strength increases

A

False -takes some time for it to occur

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17
Q

You can use your higher brain centres not override the GTO inhibition of motor neurons

A

False -if GTO is firing, can’t override it directly

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18
Q

Do you think the muscle spindle is more active or less active during a muscle cramp?

A

Muscle spindle is more active

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19
Q

Long duration of static stretching can impair subsequent strength/ power performance

A

True -plyometric exercise would be better

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20
Q

What activity will be improved by activation of the muscle spindle?

A

The ability to jump higher for a basketball rebound
-spindle would cause muscle to contract during stretch

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21
Q

Proteins found in a sarcomere

A

Actin, myosin, ATPase, tropomyosin, Troponin

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22
Q

Proteins involved in muscle contraction

A

Actin, myosin, ATPase, tropomyosin, Troponin

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23
Q

Proteins that can prevent muscle contraction

A

Troponin and Tropomyosin

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24
Q

Fast contracting fiber type

A

Type 2x

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25
Q

Energy currency of a cell

A

ATP

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26
Q

Enzyme involved in muscle contraction

A

ATPase

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27
Q

Which of the following is the smallest structure

A

Myosin -very small

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28
Q

An enzyme:

A

Is a protein, a molecule that increases the rate of chemical reactions, could change its level following exercise training

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29
Q

What suffix is commonly used to describe an enzyme

A

-are

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30
Q

Using -are, name the enzyme that is involved in the reaction where ATP is broken down for energy

A

ATPase

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31
Q

Which protein interacts with myosin during muscle contraction

A

Actin

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32
Q

Where 2 proteins are involved in the blocking of myosin to prevent muscle contraction (when the muscle is relaxed)

A

Troponin and Tropomyosin

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33
Q

There are three main fiber types : type 1 (slow, type 2a (intermediate), fast (2x)

A

True

34
Q

The fiber types an individual possesses is determined by genetics and can not be changed

A

False -individual could train

35
Q

Type 1 fibers are the fastest contracting fibers in humans

A

False -fastest are 2x

36
Q

Strength training leads to a conversion of slow fibers to fast fibers

A

False
-not a conversion, but fast fibers will adapt to be faster or slower

37
Q

Largest to Smallest components:

A

Whole Muscle > Muscle Fascicles > Muscle Fibers > Myofibrils > Sarcomeres > Actin and Myosin > Myosin Heavy Chains

38
Q

What are the contractile proteins

A

Actin and myosin

39
Q

What are the regulatory proteins

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

40
Q

Which protein binds calcium

A

Troponin

41
Q

What is bordered by the z-discs

A

Sarcomere

42
Q

What protein blocks binding sites on actin

A

Tropomyosin

43
Q

What protein controls speed of contraction

A

ATPase

44
Q

After a muscle contractions, what ion must be removed from the cytoplasm of the muscle cells before relaxation can happen?

A

Calcium

45
Q

Force productions:

A

Eccentric (highest)
Isometric (middle)
Concentric (least)

46
Q

Where is ATPase enzyme found in skeletal muscle?

A

In the globular head on the myosin head, in the SR, in the sarcolemma

47
Q

Type 2x breakdown

A

High ATPase, fast fatigueable

48
Q

Type 1 breakdown

A

Low ATPase, slow twitch

49
Q

Type 2a breakdown

A

Fast fatigue resistant

50
Q

Classifications based on myosin heavy chains use

A

Types of fibers (1, 2a, 2x)

51
Q

Classification based on metabolic properties

A

Slow oxidative, fast glycolytic

52
Q

Describe how motor unit recruitment (i.e.
recruitment of fast or slow twitch or
intermediate motor units) would change as
one goes from a slow walk to a jog to a sprint.

A

Recruit type 1 slow twitch during walk, as intensity increases, more would be recruited and more fast twitch would be recruited

53
Q

Which receptor when activated causes reflex contraction of muscle?

A

Muscle spindle

54
Q

Which receptor when activated causes inhibition of contraction?

A

GTO

55
Q

Which receptor causes activation of antagonistic musculature?

A

GTO

56
Q

Which receptor causes inhibition of antagonistic musculature?

A

Muscle spindle

57
Q

Reflex contraction of s muscle after spindle activation

A

Efferent

58
Q

Your eyes transmit a signal to your brain about the position of a soccer ball

A

Afferent

59
Q

Voluntary contraction of your biceps by recruitment of motor neurons in the spinal cord

A

Efferent

60
Q

Golgi tendon is activated, sending inhibitory signal to the muscle

A

Efferent

61
Q

Vestibular (inner ear) sensors send a message to your brain to correct your balance

A

Afferent

62
Q

A motor neuron receives 10 excitatory impulses from one other neuron over the time period of 2 ms

A

Temporal summation

63
Q

Another motor neuron receives one excitatory impulse from each of 5 different neurons

A

Spatial summation

64
Q

A motor unit has only one motor neuron but many muscle fibers

A

True

65
Q

A motor unit can have a mixture of slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers

A

False -can only have one or the other

66
Q

When a motor neuron is activated, only a portion of the muscle fibers in that motor unit will contract if low intensity exercise is being performed

A

False -all or none

67
Q

Motor units in different muscles throughout the body are the same size

A

False

68
Q

SR

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum -where calcium is stored

69
Q

Sodium and potassium

A

Influx/ eflux of these cause change in membrane potential

70
Q

Transverse Tubule

A

Transmits action potential from neuron to muscle fiber

71
Q

Motor neurons

A

Nerve cells connected to muscle fibers

72
Q

Motor cortex

A

Part of the brain where voluntary contraction originates

73
Q

Acetyl Choline

A

Excites membrane and changes permeability

74
Q

Axons

A

Covered by a myelin sheath

75
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neurons and all the muscle fibers that are connected to it

76
Q

Fast-twitch muscle fibers require a higher
frequency electrical input to reach tetanus compared to slow twitch fibers. Why is this so?

A

Because they relax faster

77
Q

Hyperpolarize

A

Membrane potential changes from -70mV to -90mV

78
Q

Depolarize

A

Membrane potential changes from -70mV to -50mV

79
Q

Repolarize

A

Membrane potential changes from +40mV to -60mV

80
Q

Excitation contraction coupling steps

A
  1. Impulse, calcium causes ACh release -diffuses act cross synaptic cleft, changes membrane permeability
  2. At threshold =depolarizes T-Tubule
  3. Repolarization of T-Tubule causes Ca2+ to release from SR
  4. Ca2+ binds to Troponin and tropomyosin, allows actin+myosin to combine
  5. Actin combines my son, ATPase activated to split ATP into energy
  6. Sliding of actin and myosin -cross bridge detaches from actin
  7. Continued new cord bridge occurs if Ca2+ remains -depolarization inhibits Troponin- tropomyosin complex)
  8. Muscle stim stops, Ca2+ moves back to SR
  9. Removes Ca2+ ,restarts Troponin-tropomyosin inhibitory
    -muscle relaxes

Kin 225 (7 decks)

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