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Kin 225 > Intro And CH.18-19 Part A And B > Flashcards

Intro And CH.18-19 Part A And B Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscle tissues made of

A

Muscle fibers (cell)

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2
Q

All muscle types: (4)

A

Excitability, contract ability, extensibility, elasticity

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3
Q

Muscle types are differentiated by:

A

Fibretype,location of nuclei, number of nuclei, “appearance”; striated/unstriated, nature of control: voluntary/involuntary

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4
Q

3 Major muscle types

A

Smooth, cardiac, skeletal

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5
Q

Smooth muscle characteristics

A
  • has spindle shaped, nonstriated, uninucleated fibres
    Occurs in walls of . Internal organs - is voluntary
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6
Q

Cardiac Muscle Characteristics

A

-has striated, branched, uniculeated fibers
-occurs in walls of heart
-is voluntary

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7
Q

Skeletal muscle characterstics

A

-has striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers
-is usually attached to skeleton
-is voluntary

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8
Q

Skeletal Muscle- Macro Structure

A

-bone connects to muscle by tendon
-pulls on bones to move joints
-tube within a tube within a tube…
-

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9
Q

Surrounds all the muscle fiber bundles (fascicle) to form the entire muscle

A

Epimysium (largest)

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10
Q

Surrounds several muscle fibers and forms bundles called fasciculi

A

Perimysium (medium)

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11
Q

Connective tissue that wraps each much fiber

A

Endomysium

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12
Q

By weight, a single muscle fibre is made up of primarily:

A

Water

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13
Q

A single muscle fiber by weight consists of what total?

A

75% water
20% protein
5% other minerals (K+, Na+, Cl-), fats, CHO, amino acids, enzymes, ATP,, lactate, etc

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14
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Muscle cell membrane surrounding muscle fiber

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15
Q

Satellite cells

A

Located within the sarcolemma (between plasma and basement membrane)
-help regenerate cell growth (myogenic stem cells)
-play a role in hypertrophy

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16
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Protoplasm (enzymes, fat, glycogen)
Nuclei

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17
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

-network of t tubules and vesicles (triads)
-located around myofibrils
-provides structural integrity and spreads depolarization
-role: stores, releases, and reabsorbs Ca2+

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18
Q

What is the Triad System

A

2 large sacs (vesicles) are the terminal cistern are of the SR
-small central sac is the t-tubules

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19
Q

Within the single muscle fiber there are:

A

Myofibrils (1um or 1/1000mm) in diameter

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20
Q

Myobrils contain:

A

Myofilaments

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21
Q

Myofilaments are:

A

Proteins that make up sarcomere units

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22
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

Functional unit of a muscle fiber
Runs from a-line to a-line
-6000 sarcomere per fibre, around 4500 on average

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23
Q

Place the Following in Order starting with whole muscle: Whole muscle, Myofilaments, Myofibrils, Muscle Fibre, Muscle Fasiculi

A

Whole Muscle, Muscle Fasiculi, Muscle Fibres, Myofibrils, Myofilaments

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24
Q

At what level of a muscle would you find a bundle of muscle fibers?

A

In the Fascicle

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25
Myofibril proteins (Myofilaments) that make up the sarcomere:
Myosin (thick), Actin (thin)
26
2 Contractile proteins:
Actin and Myosin -these make up 85% of myofibrillar complex
27
Within actin are what 2 filaments?
Troponin (thin) and Tropomyosin (thin) -both are regulatory proteins
28
I Band is…
Light and actin only
29
A Band is…
Dark, actin AND myosin
30
Sarcomere is an arrangement of
Actin and myosin’s bordered by Z-discs
31
Actin (thin) slides past…
Myosin (thick), resulting in muscle contraction
32
Z-discs
Thick structures that are perpendicular to, and anchor actin
33
H-Zone is
A light area that contains only myosin
34
Myofibrils are
Parallel to the long axis of the fibre
35
Actin and Myosin are parallel:
To the long axis of the myofibril
36
What are the “light” zones?
H zone and I band
37
Troponins 3 subunits
1, C (calcium) and T (tropomyosin)
38
What lays along actin like a cord? What does it do?
Tropomyosin -inhibits actin=myosin interaction
39
What is embedded at regular intervals along actin? What does it do?
Troponin -interacts and binds with Ca2+ -removes inhibition
40
Globular Heads
-actin binding site -ATP binding site -heavy and light chains
41
How many Heads does myosin have
2 -each has 1 “heavy chain”
42
Myosin is composed of:
Heavy chains (MHC) and Light Chains (MLC) -type of heavy chain determines the ATPase activity
43
3 Predominant Types of MHCs
Type 1 MHC= slowest contracting Type 2a MHC= moderately fast contracting Type 2x MHC= fast contracting Type 2b= very fast contracting
44
The M band does what?
Ensures myosin filaments stay in correct position within the sarcomere
45
What are M-Bridges?
hexagonal pattern (connect with 6 adjacent myosin filaments)
46
Type 1 Fiber has
Low myosin ATPase activity
47
Type 2a fiber has
High myosin ATPase activity
48
Type 2x fibers have
Higher myosin ATPase activity
49
Type 2b fibers have
The highest myosin ATPase activity
50
Fiber Type based on metabolic properties
Slow oxidative/ aerobic metabolism Fast oxidative glycolytic/ anaerobic metabolism Fast glycolytic/ aerobic metabolism
51
Type 2 or fast twitch muscle fibers use
Glycolytic enzymes (in the cytoplasm), CHO can be broken down fast and create a small amount of energy and a byproduct of lactic acid
52
Slow twitch or type 1 fibers use
Oxidative enzymes (in mitochondria), CHO, Protein, fat are slowly broken down and create a lot of energy with a low amount of lactic acid
53
Classifications based on twitch properties (3)
Slow of slow twitch Fast Fatigue Resistant or Fast Twitch a Fast fatiguable or Fast Twitch b
54
Classification of muscle fiber based on myosin heavy chains (ATPase activity)
Type 1, Type 2a, Type 2x, Type 2b
55
Classification oof muscle fibers based on metabolic processes
Slow oxidative, Fast oxidative glycolytic, Fast glycolytic
56
Type 1: Slow Twitch Fibers
Slow oxidative -low myosin ATPase activity -less extensive Sr -slower Ca2+ release and uptake by SR -slowest contracting, least fatigue able -highest oxidative enzymes -large and numerous # of mitochondria -high in myoglobin
57
Type 2: Fast Twitch Fibers
Glycolytic -high myosin ATPase activity -extensive SR network -rapid Ca2+ release and uptake by SR -high rate of cross bridge turnover -fast contractions -capable of high force generation -fatigue quickly -rely on anaerobic metabolism (glycolytic enzymes) -low in myoglobin
58
Type 2 Fibers
Fast oxidative glycolytic -fast shortening speed -moderately well developed capacity for both anaerobic and aerobic energy production
59
Type 2x fibers
Middle fast glycolytic
60
Type 2b fibers
True fast glycolytic -most rapid shortening velocity -rely most heavily on anaerobic energy production
61
What gives muscle a red pigmentation?
Myoglobin
62
Myoglobin is a protein that does what
Responsible for transporting oxygen from the muscle membrane capillary interface to the mitochondria
63
Fiber type with high aerobic capacity but also high speed of contraction
Type 2a
64
Slowest relaxation time
Type 1
65
Fastest muscle fiber
Type 2x
66
Type I fiber qualities
- Slowest reaction time Lowest amount of ATPase activity Lowest force output Fiber type with the highest cappilirization
67
Type 2a qualities
Fast oxidative glycolytic -fiber type with high aerobic capacity but also high speed of contraction
68
Fast Glycolytic
Fiber type that can break down glycogen the fastest
69
Type 2x
Fiber type that can break down glycogen the fastest Fastest fiber (as an option)
70
Fast fatigue resistant
Type 2a -fiber type with high aerobic capacity but also high speed of contraction
71
Slow twitch
Slowest relaxation time Lowest amount of ATPase activity Lowest force output Fiber type with the highest capillarization

Kin 225 (7 decks)

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