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Kin 225 > Intro And CH.18-19 Part A And B > Flashcards

Intro And CH.18-19 Part A And B Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscle tissues made of

A

Muscle fibers (cell)

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2
Q

All muscle types: (4)

A

Excitability, contract ability, extensibility, elasticity

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3
Q

Muscle types are differentiated by:

A

Fibretype,location of nuclei, number of nuclei, “appearance”; striated/unstriated, nature of control: voluntary/involuntary

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4
Q

3 Major muscle types

A

Smooth, cardiac, skeletal

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5
Q

Smooth muscle characteristics

A
  • has spindle shaped, nonstriated, uninucleated fibres
    Occurs in walls of . Internal organs - is voluntary
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6
Q

Cardiac Muscle Characteristics

A

-has striated, branched, uniculeated fibers
-occurs in walls of heart
-is voluntary

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7
Q

Skeletal muscle characterstics

A

-has striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers
-is usually attached to skeleton
-is voluntary

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8
Q

Skeletal Muscle- Macro Structure

A

-bone connects to muscle by tendon
-pulls on bones to move joints
-tube within a tube within a tube…
-

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9
Q

Surrounds all the muscle fiber bundles (fascicle) to form the entire muscle

A

Epimysium (largest)

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10
Q

Surrounds several muscle fibers and forms bundles called fasciculi

A

Perimysium (medium)

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11
Q

Connective tissue that wraps each much fiber

A

Endomysium

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12
Q

By weight, a single muscle fibre is made up of primarily:

A

Water

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13
Q

A single muscle fiber by weight consists of what total?

A

75% water
20% protein
5% other minerals (K+, Na+, Cl-), fats, CHO, amino acids, enzymes, ATP,, lactate, etc

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14
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Muscle cell membrane surrounding muscle fiber

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15
Q

Satellite cells

A

Located within the sarcolemma (between plasma and basement membrane)
-help regenerate cell growth (myogenic stem cells)
-play a role in hypertrophy

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16
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Protoplasm (enzymes, fat, glycogen)
Nuclei

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17
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

-network of t tubules and vesicles (triads)
-located around myofibrils
-provides structural integrity and spreads depolarization
-role: stores, releases, and reabsorbs Ca2+

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18
Q

What is the Triad System

A

2 large sacs (vesicles) are the terminal cistern are of the SR
-small central sac is the t-tubules

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19
Q

Within the single muscle fiber there are:

A

Myofibrils (1um or 1/1000mm) in diameter

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20
Q

Myobrils contain:

A

Myofilaments

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21
Q

Myofilaments are:

A

Proteins that make up sarcomere units

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22
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

Functional unit of a muscle fiber
Runs from a-line to a-line
-6000 sarcomere per fibre, around 4500 on average

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23
Q

Place the Following in Order starting with whole muscle: Whole muscle, Myofilaments, Myofibrils, Muscle Fibre, Muscle Fasiculi

A

Whole Muscle, Muscle Fasiculi, Muscle Fibres, Myofibrils, Myofilaments

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24
Q

At what level of a muscle would you find a bundle of muscle fibers?

A

In the Fascicle

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25
Q

Myofibril proteins (Myofilaments) that make up the sarcomere:

A

Myosin (thick), Actin (thin)

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26
Q

2 Contractile proteins:

A

Actin and Myosin
-these make up 85% of myofibrillar complex

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27
Q

Within actin are what 2 filaments?

A

Troponin (thin) and Tropomyosin (thin)
-both are regulatory proteins

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28
Q

I Band is…

A

Light and actin only

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29
Q

A Band is…

A

Dark, actin AND myosin

30
Q

Sarcomere is an arrangement of

A

Actin and myosin’s bordered by Z-discs

31
Q

Actin (thin) slides past…

A

Myosin (thick), resulting in muscle contraction

32
Q

Z-discs

A

Thick structures that are perpendicular to, and anchor actin

33
Q

H-Zone is

A

A light area that contains only myosin

34
Q

Myofibrils are

A

Parallel to the long axis of the fibre

35
Q

Actin and Myosin are parallel:

A

To the long axis of the myofibril

36
Q

What are the “light” zones?

A

H zone and I band

37
Q

Troponins 3 subunits

A

1, C (calcium) and T (tropomyosin)

38
Q

What lays along actin like a cord? What does it do?

A

Tropomyosin
-inhibits actin=myosin interaction

39
Q

What is embedded at regular intervals along actin? What does it do?

A

Troponin
-interacts and binds with Ca2+
-removes inhibition

40
Q

Globular Heads

A

-actin binding site
-ATP binding site
-heavy and light chains

41
Q

How many Heads does myosin have

A

2
-each has 1 “heavy chain”

42
Q

Myosin is composed of:

A

Heavy chains (MHC) and Light Chains (MLC)
-type of heavy chain determines the ATPase activity

43
Q

3 Predominant Types of MHCs

A

Type 1 MHC= slowest contracting
Type 2a MHC= moderately fast contracting
Type 2x MHC= fast contracting
Type 2b= very fast contracting

44
Q

The M band does what?

A

Ensures myosin filaments stay in correct position within the sarcomere

45
Q

What are M-Bridges?

A

hexagonal pattern (connect with 6 adjacent myosin filaments)

46
Q

Type 1 Fiber has

A

Low myosin ATPase activity

47
Q

Type 2a fiber has

A

High myosin ATPase activity

48
Q

Type 2x fibers have

A

Higher myosin ATPase activity

49
Q

Type 2b fibers have

A

The highest myosin ATPase activity

50
Q

Fiber Type based on metabolic properties

A

Slow oxidative/ aerobic metabolism
Fast oxidative glycolytic/ anaerobic metabolism
Fast glycolytic/ aerobic metabolism

51
Q

Type 2 or fast twitch muscle fibers use

A

Glycolytic enzymes (in the cytoplasm), CHO can be broken down fast and create a small amount of energy and a byproduct of lactic acid

52
Q

Slow twitch or type 1 fibers use

A

Oxidative enzymes (in mitochondria), CHO, Protein, fat are slowly broken down and create a lot of energy with a low amount of lactic acid

53
Q

Classifications based on twitch properties (3)

A

Slow of slow twitch
Fast Fatigue Resistant or Fast Twitch a
Fast fatiguable or Fast Twitch b

54
Q

Classification of muscle fiber based on myosin heavy chains (ATPase activity)

A

Type 1, Type 2a, Type 2x, Type 2b

55
Q

Classification oof muscle fibers based on metabolic processes

A

Slow oxidative, Fast oxidative glycolytic, Fast glycolytic

56
Q

Type 1: Slow Twitch Fibers

A

Slow oxidative
-low myosin ATPase activity
-less extensive Sr
-slower Ca2+ release and uptake by SR
-slowest contracting, least fatigue able
-highest oxidative enzymes
-large and numerous # of mitochondria
-high in myoglobin

57
Q

Type 2: Fast Twitch Fibers

A

Glycolytic
-high myosin ATPase activity
-extensive SR network
-rapid Ca2+ release and uptake by SR
-high rate of cross bridge turnover
-fast contractions
-capable of high force generation
-fatigue quickly
-rely on anaerobic metabolism (glycolytic enzymes)
-low in myoglobin

58
Q

Type 2 Fibers

A

Fast oxidative glycolytic
-fast shortening speed
-moderately well developed capacity for both anaerobic and aerobic energy production

59
Q

Type 2x fibers

A

Middle fast glycolytic

60
Q

Type 2b fibers

A

True fast glycolytic
-most rapid shortening velocity
-rely most heavily on anaerobic energy production

61
Q

What gives muscle a red pigmentation?

A

Myoglobin

62
Q

Myoglobin is a protein that does what

A

Responsible for transporting oxygen from the muscle membrane capillary interface to the mitochondria

63
Q

Fiber type with high aerobic capacity but also high speed of contraction

A

Type 2a

64
Q

Slowest relaxation time

A

Type 1

65
Q

Fastest muscle fiber

A

Type 2x

66
Q

Type I fiber qualities

A
  • Slowest reaction time
    Lowest amount of ATPase activity
    Lowest force output
    Fiber type with the highest cappilirization
67
Q

Type 2a qualities

A

Fast oxidative glycolytic
-fiber type with high aerobic capacity but also high speed of contraction

68
Q

Fast Glycolytic

A

Fiber type that can break down glycogen the fastest

69
Q

Type 2x

A

Fiber type that can break down glycogen the fastest
Fastest fiber (as an option)

70
Q

Fast fatigue resistant

A

Type 2a
-fiber type with high aerobic capacity but also high speed of contraction

71
Q

Slow twitch

A

Slowest relaxation time
Lowest amount of ATPase activity
Lowest force output
Fiber type with the highest capillarization

Kin 225 (7 decks)

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