REVIEW SESSION

Question 1

What type of experiment did McKay do and what was the result of his experiment? What did this finding lead to?

Answer 1

The unattended ear got bias information. Like money or river.

He believed that these unattended words must still be processed w meaning.

Therefore, this led to development of Late Selection models of attention praising that most incoming info is processed to the level of meaning before message to be processed is selected.

Question 2

What are 2 early selection models? Why are they considered this?

Answer 2

Broadbents filter model and Treismans attenuator model of attention.

Filter operates at an early stage in the flow of information.

Question 3

Stroop effect is an example of a task irrelevant stimuli.

Why is it so difficult to name the color of the block?

Answer 3

Bc reading is highly practiced and automatic.

Question 4

WHAT IS load theory of attention

Answer 4

, there’s processing capacity left in the brain so the person slows down to respond to the irrelevant stimulus.

You are more likely to be distracted during low load task.

Question 5

Describe Schneider and Shiffrins model.

What type of attention does it involve?

How did they carry this experiment out?

What did they learn?

Answer 5

Involved divided attention.

Requires subjects to carry out 2 tasks simultaneously: 1) Hold onto info about target stimuli in memory and 2) pay attention to series of “Distractor stimulus” and determine whether the target from #1 is among them.

***Divided Attention can be achieved with practice (Automatizing).

Question 6

Strayer and Johnson did what type of experiment? What did they find? What’s the reason this is dangerous? How many more times is it dangerous for truck drivers to text and drive?

Answer 6

Subjects missed twice as many red lights while talking on phone whether it was hands free or not.

The problem is not driving with one hand but there are fewer cognitive resources.

23 more times.

Question 7

What does the Stroop effect demonstrate in how powerful task irrelevant stimulus is?

Answer 7

The Stroop effect demonstrates how powerful task irrelevant stimulus such as meaningful words, can compete and distract.

Question 8

What does in attentional blindness and change blindness experiments provide evidence to?

Answer 8

That without focused attention we may fail to perceive things that are clearly visible on the field of view.

Question 9

Whose model of attention first allowed testable predictions about selective attention?

Answer 9

Broadbent’s early selection model

Question 10

Describe Treismans attenuator model of attention.

What did her attenuator replace in Broadbent’s model?

Answer 10

Treisman had two stages of selection AND she replaced Broadbent’s filter with an attenuator.

The attenuator analyzes incoming message in terms of 1 physical characteristics such as pitch, and how high or low fast and slow, 2 language i.e. syllables and words and 3 meaning.

The Dictionary Unit has a threshold that captures your attention.

Question 11

What can be used to separate a message in Treismans model?

Answer 11

Language and meaning can be used to separate a message.

At a physical level it is adequate to separate low and high. However, similar voices may be necessary to use meaning to separate two messages.

Question 12

Treisman’s Attenuator replaced Broadbent’s filter, but what does the Attenuator analyze when it’s necessary to identify the attended message? Hint- 3 things.

Answer 12

1) Physical characteristics
2) Language
3) Meaning

Question 13

Which brain area is activated when the phonological loop is being used?

Answer 13

Broca’s area. (production and meaning of words).

Question 14

Define episodic memories, procedural memories, and semantic memories.

Which is explicit and implicit?

Answer 14

Episodic memories are long-term memories and experiences from the past.

Procedural memory has to do with muscle coordination and is a long-term memory.

Semantic memory is memories of facts such as address for a birthday or names of objects.

Question 15

How long is short-term memory

Answer 15

15-20 seconds

Question 16

What are the three types of memory proposed by Richard Shiffrin and Richard Atkinson? What are the time amounts for each?

Answer 16

1. Sensory memory is an initial stage that holds all incoming info for seconds.
2. Short-term memory holds 5 to 7 items for about 15 to 20 seconds.
3. Long-term memory can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades.

Question 17

Expert video game players show a decrease in performance in high load condition, why is this?

*hint: flanker compatability task

Answer 17

Because expert video game players have Extra cognitive space due to their speed of finding a target in a visual stimulation, they are able to find a target so quickly they are able to still process the flanker distractor. This slows them down.

Question 18

What did Peterson and Peterson conclude after their experiment?

Answer 18

They believed that memory simply decayed after some time because the group could only retain about 12% after 18 seconds.

Question 19

How did Keppel and Underwood redesign Peterson and Peterson’s experiment to come up with a different explanation for that memory decay?

Answer 19

Memory became worse after a few trials. Keppel and underwood suggested that the drop off the memory was not due to a decay of memory over time as Peterson and Peterson proposed, but to proactive interference.

Question 20

Explain proactive interference and retroactive interference when explaining Keppel and Underwood’s explanation.

Answer 20

Proactive interference = previously learned info interferes with new information.

Retroactive interference = new learning interferes with remembering old learning.

Question 21

What type of interference is cramming for an exam?

Answer 21

Proactive interference - stuff from the beginning interferes with end stuff

Question 22

Explain Baddeleys working model memory.

Phonological loop (and it’s 2 parts).

Visual Spatial Sketchpad

Central Executive and it’s functions.

What’s an example using driving and getting directions?

Answer 22

The phonological loop holds verbal and audio information.

Phonological loop has two components: The first is phonological store which has the limited capacity and hold information for just a few seconds.

Second is articulatory rehearsal which keep items in the store from decaying.

The visual spatial sketchpad holds visual and spatial information. For example solving a puzzle or finding a way around campus.

The central executive in the center and pulls information from long-term memory. It manipulates information from the two subsystems, and integrates them to be used how they’re supposed to be used. It has higher order reasoning aspects, integration of information, attention and directing attention, planning, decision-making, and inhibition which inhibits irrelevant information presented but you don’t want to attenuate to, and retrieval which could access the long-term memory.

Example) I’m driving - my phonological loop is taking verbal directions from my friend who sitting in the passenger seat. Visual spatial sketchpad helps me visualize the map in my brain. The central executive coordinates these two bits of information. It also helps me pay attention as well as ignore the radio which is a distraction.

Question 23

How is working memory is more than just short-term memory using the working memory model? Hint- 3 specific things that uses WM.

Answer 23

Word Length Effect- We see this effect because longer words are getting in the way of our rehearsal capacity. It takes us longer to hold long words. Not about number of items of words, but amount of information.

Articulatory suppression – distraction that takes away processing resources that takes away from the same place that you were doing the same task i.e. it’s competing for the exact same cognitive resources. Speaking “the the the” prevents you from rehearsing items.

Phonological similarity – more difficulty holding items that have the same phonological characteristics for example thespian theater and so on. F and S/X even though F looks more like E. The mistakes that are made are based on the letter sounds.

Question 24

What does ERP’s (event related potential) measure?

Answer 24

It measures how many items somebody is holding in there working memory.

Question 25

Why did Baddeley add the episodic buffer to his working memory model? And what is the episodic buffer there for.? What does long-term memory have to do with this?

Answer 25

The episodic buffer is a way for WM to increase storage capacity and communicating with long-term memory.

Question 26

The embedded processes model states what about working memory?

Answer 26

According to the embedded processes model, not only does memory and attention overlap, but working memory is parts of long-term memory which our attention is focused on.

Question 27

How does the articulatory supression task affect performance on a spatial processing task?

1. It decreases performance by adding phonological markers
2. Decrease by using limited resources
3. It doesn’t affect performance

Answer 27

It doesn’t affect performance because they don’t use the same cognitive resources.

Question 28

In a serial position experiment, recalling of early items is called ______ and recalling and items is called ______. Define both.

Would recallers who had a pause or distraction after their last word perform better or worse? why?

Answer 28

Recalling early items is called primacy. Words that can be rehearsed by repetition.

Recalling of end items is called recency, it’s not rehearsed much but short-term memory retains some memory. So recalling the middle items is the most difficult.

People who had to recall after a small delay should have a more difficult time recalling the recency item because their short-term memory has a ready fleeted.

Question 29

According to the modal model why do we have that excellent recall of an item?

Answer 29

Because it’s due to rehearsal. more rehearsal improves recall and it helps us to encode into long-term memory.

Question 30

Is recalling something from five minutes ago A short-term memory or long-term memory?

Answer 30

It is already considered long-term memory.

Question 31

Gerkens believes that short-term memory is just long-term memory that _____ _____ __________ ________ ___.

Answer 31

We are consciously aware of.

Question 32

Kong factory worker learned how to work a machine even tho he also had anterograde amnesia. What type of skill did he learn?

Answer 32

Procedural skills.

Question 33

What’s the difference bw Familiarity and Recollection? Which does it relate to? Which is remember/ know response? Which is episodic and semantic?

Answer 33

The person seems familiar and I may remember their name, but not details about specific experiences related to that person.
This is a semantic memory and a know response.

Recollection-remembering specific experiences related to the person;
Episodic. I can remember what was happening during that gained knowledge and relive the past; Remember response.

Question 34

What remains longer, episodic or semantic memory?

Answer 34

Most of the time, semantic memories. We may remember the math we learned but I don’t remember what the math class looks like or how I was taught it.

Question 35

Concerning personal future, what memory systems needs to function correctly to think? semantic or episodic?

Answer 35

Both episodic and semantic memory systems.

Question 36

Difference bw Explicit and Implicit memories- in terms of Taxonomy of LTM.

Answer 36

Explicit (declarative)- conscious memory like Episodic and Semantic.

Implicit (undeclarative)- not conscious memory like Procedural, Priming, and Conditioning.

Question 37

What is the Modal Model explanation for the primacy effect?

Answer 37

Items early in the list in rehearsed more therefore transferred to LTM

Question 38

What type of code would I most likely to maintain in LTM after reading a passage?

Answer 38

Semantic.

Question 39

It allows previous experience to affect our current behavior without our conscious awareness:

Answer 39

implicit memory

Question 40

Which form of memory generally remains intact in anterograde amnesiacs?

Answer 40

non-declarative

Question 41

Which of the following is the modal model explanation (the explanation given in the text) for the primacy effect?

Answer 41

Items early in the list are rehearsed more and therefore transferred into LTM.

Question 42

Which of the following is analogous to the double dissociation the book describes as support for the distinction between STM & LTM?

Answer 42

Lenny has damage to the hippocampi and cannot form new LTM but normal STM whereas T. B. has frontal lobe damage and has severly impaired STM but normal LTM

Question 43

You are doing an experiment in which you have to visual a large block letter E. On some trials you point to a Y on the left side of a paper for each outside corner as you visualize moving around the E clockwise or to an N on the right side of the paper for inside corners (pointing trials). On other trials you are to say Yes for each outside corner and No for each inside corner (speaking trials). Which type of trials results in better/easier performance?

Answer 43

a. they are equally difficult
b. speaking trials Correct

c. pointing trials
d. they are equally easy

Question 44

What is the duration of visual sensory memory?

Answer 44

a. 250-500 msec

Question 45

Which best describes the code of visual sensory memory?

Answer 45

d. both categorical and phonetic

Question 46

What is the duration of visual sensory (iconic) memory?

Answer 46

The correct answer is: 250 - 500 msec