LTM- Structure

Question 1

In a serial position experiment, recalling of early items is called ______ and recalling and items is called ______. Define both.

Would recallers who had a pause after their last word to better or worse?

Answer 1

Recalling early items is called primacy. Words that can be rehearsed by repetition.

Recalling of end items is called recency, it’s not rehearsed much but short-term memory retains some memory. So recalling the middle items is the most difficult.

People who had to recall after a small delay should have a more difficult time recalling the recency item because their short-term memory has a ready fleeted.

Question 2

What is functional serial position, what does that have to do with recall rate?

What does this explanation put a damper on?

Answer 2

Functional serial position is the position of a word during an experiment. For example in class, the word lemon’s functional serial position is at the end between 18,19, and 20. The items from the beginning get rehearsed from the beginning while middle words may never get rehearsed.

However the recall rate is tied to how recently rehearsed the words will studying. This puts a damper on explanation that more rehearsal leads to long-term memory

Question 3

According to the modal model why do we have that excellent recall of an item?

Answer 3

Because it’s due to rehearsal. more rehearsal improves recall and it helps us to encode into long-term memory.

Question 3

Is recalling something from five minutes ago A short-term memory or long-term memory?

Answer 3

It is already considered long-term memory.

Question 4

Why would a groups recency on a graph decreased? Why would there be a lack of recency?

Answer 4

Lack of recency effect is due to interference or delay before recall.

Question 6

Switching semantic categories shows what? What is an example.

Answer 6

Switching Semantic category shows released from proactive interference regardless of what categories they’re in.

Like Doctor,Nurse,Lawyer… Teacher,Janitor,Admin
Peach,Orange,Kiwi
The fruits above has almost reactivated memory… you will remember that better because the meaning is different. (Wickens)

Question 7

What is coding in short-term and long-term memory? Describe visual coding, auditory coding, and semantic coding.

Answer 7

STM = auditory and visual
LTM = semantic

auditory coding in the form of a sound, and Semantic coding which is coding in the mind in terms of meaning.

Question 8

Provide some examples for visual/auditory/semantic coding. STM and LTM.

Answer 8

Visual = Recalling a pattern that is represented in my mind is a short-term memory coding. Long-term memory visual coding is when I visualize a personal place from the past. I can picture mrs. Chung from 5th grade.

Auditory coding in short-term memory can be found in the Conrads demonstration of the phonological similarity effect which showed that people often miss identify target letters as another letter that sounds just like to target. For example S and F which don’t look alike but the sound alike. For long term, playing a song in my head.

For semantic coding, it appears that proactive interference decreases the memory that occurs with previously learned information. However switching up the semantic category seems to release from proactive interference.

Question 9

What does reliefs from proactive interference tell us about coding in short-term memory?

Answer 9

When looking at the Wickens experiments, it appears that the word categories is important because of the meaning.

For example, three words: lawyer, firefighter, teacher Trial 1. Dancer, minister, executive trial 2. all the way until trial four: Orange, Cherry, pineapple.

Question 10

What kind of experiment did Jacqueline Sachs demonstrate when looking at Semantic coding in long-term memory?

Answer 10

Sachs had subject listen to a tape recording of the passage and measured their recognition memory to determine whether they remember the exact wording of sentences or just a general meaning of the passage.

ie; Gallileo story

Question 11

What type of coding would I utilize in memorizing a phone number? And why?

Answer 11

I would utilize auditory coding. Because I would repeat it to myself. Auditory coding is the predominant type of coding in short-term memory.

Question 11

Gerkens believes that short-term memory is just long-term memory that _____ _____ __________ ________ ___.

Answer 11

We are consciously aware of.

Question 12

T or F? According to Sachs experiment which supports the claim of a dominant coding, we use semantics for short-term memory and phonetics for long-term memory. Using an example, why?

Answer 12

False. We use phonetics for short-term memory and semantics for long-term memory.

We encode the meaning long-term, like when we study. We don’t process verbatim, but we process the meaning.

Question 14

Removal of the hippocampus did what to the patient long-term memory?

Answer 14

It eliminated his seizures, but also eliminated his ability to form new long-term memories.

Question 14

The double dissociation for short-term memory and long-term memory as seen in Clive wearing versus K.S experience, what does this evidence support?

Answer 14

This evidence supports the idea that STM and LTM are caused by different mechanism, which can act independently.

Question 15

Viral encephalitis destroyed what part of Clive wearing’s brain?

Answer 15

Medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus (encode of new LTM)- Bilaterally, amygdala, and some structures in the temporal lobe.

Question 16

T or F? Memory is localized.

Answer 16

False. We have distributed representation of memories across the cortex.

Question 17

What type of amnesiac is Clive wearing? And what is his repetition considered?

Answer 17

Clive wearing is in Antero-grade amnesiac. It is Perserveration, repeating himself.

Question 18

Kong factory worker learned how to work a machine even tho he also had anterograde amnesia. What type of skill did he learn?

Answer 18

Procedural skills.

Question 19

In questions concerning whether the hippocampus is crucial for forming new long-term memories what did Ranganath and Mark Esposito find? Hint, novel and familiar faces.

What areas of the brain do they believe plays a role in short-term memory as well?

Answer 19

Brain activity remains similar between holding novel and familiar faces, so they concluded that the hippocampus is involved in maintaining novel information in memory during short delays.

Results indicated that the hippocampus and other medial temporal lobe structures only thought to be long-term memory also play a role in short-term memory.

Question 20

Why are episodic memory, memory for experiences and semantic memory, memory for fact, considered to be two different types of memory?

Answer 20

They have differences in the following:

1) Experience – the type of experience associated with both,
2) Neuro psychology – how brain-damaged affects each one
3) Brain imaging – the fMRI responses to each one.

Question 21

How does Tulving describe the distinction and defining property of the experience of episodic memory? How does this differ from semantic memory?

Answer 21

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that it involves mental time travel. Tulving describes this experience of mental time travel/episodic memory as self knowing or remembering. This is opposite of Semantic. Which has no personal meaning behind it.

Question 22

What does the double dissociation between episodic and semantic memory show?

Answer 22

It demonstrates that the two different types of information probably involved different mechanisms. However there is also an interaction between both.

Question 23

How does episodic and semantic memories show interaction?

Answer 23

Episodic and semantic memories show how knowledge, or semantic affect experience, or episodic and the make up of auto biographical memory.

Question 24

When I met Arlene and briana at the Pdsa table today, we sat in front of the humanities building, located in the quad. Which is semantic and episodic in this Autobiographic memory example?

Answer 24

Episodic- meeting Ar and bri is a specific experience

Semantic- humanities building location by the quad.

Question 25

What is autobiographic significance?

Answer 25

Memories involving personal episodes. Recall is better when you have personal significance.

Question 26

What’s the difference bw Familiarity and Recollection? Which does it relate to? Which is remember/ know response?

Answer 26

The person seems familiar and I may remember their name, but not details about specific experiences related to that person.
This is a semantic memory and a know response.

Recollection-remembering specific experiences related to the person;
Episodic. I can remember what was happening during that gained knowledge and relive the past; Remember response.

Question 27

What is semanticitization of remote memories? What story is this referring to?

Answer 27

Loss of episodic detail for memories of long ago events.
My past memories are in a “remote island” now.

This refers to when ppl cannot remember events that occurred 40-50 years ago. Their remember response decreased much more than their know response.

Question 28

What remains longer, episodic or semantic memory?

Answer 28

Most of the time, semantic memories. We may remember the math we learned but I don’t remember what the math class looks like or how I was taught it.

Question 29

Why did Schacter and Addis propose the Constructive episodic simulation hypothesis?
What do they believe the main role of Episodic Memories to be?

Answer 29

Constructive episodic simulation hypothesis states that episodic memories are extracted and recombined to simulate future events.

The connection bw past and future leads them to believe that the main role of the episodic memories is not to remember the past but to create a better future/behavior. Evolution=approach or avoid a situation.

Question 30

Concerning personal future, what needs to function correctly to think?

Answer 30

Both episodic and semantic memory systems.

Question 31

Difference bw Explicit and Implicit memories- in terms of Taxonomy of LTM.

Answer 31

Explicit (declarative)- conscious memory like Episodic and Semantic.

Implicit (undeclarative)- not conscious memory like Procedural, Priming, and Conditioning.

Question 32

Describe Priming and Repetition priming.

Answer 32

Priming occurs when reposition of one stimulus (priming stimulus) changes the way a person respond to a test stimulus.

Repetition priming occurs when the test is the same or resembles the priming stimulus. Called implicit memory.

So seeing the word bird in a book may cause you to use the word more during the day because it’s been implicitly primed in your head

It is important to avoid explicit remembering in a priming experiment when measuring implicit memory. .

Question 33

What’s the diff bw explicit and implicit classical conditioning?

Answer 33

Explicit is when I’m aware. Ex) stopped by police and seeing their lights. It makes me unhappy. If I pass by that spot again, I experience the same emotions (anger), but I’m aware of my emotion.

Implicit is when I see someone who seems familiar and I sense that I like them or not. That emotional reaction is implicit memory.

Question 34

LTM and _______ memory works together to help create our ongoing experience.

Answer 34

Working

Question 35

Which codings can occur is STM AND LTM? Which is predominant.

Answer 35

visual and auditory

Auditory is predominant coding in STM and semantic in LTM.

Question 36

Who demonstrated semantic coding in STM and LTM?

Answer 36

Wickens demonstrated it in STM by showing release from proactive inhibition.

LTM by Sachs using Recognition Memory Procedure. When subjects recall meaning, not verbatim.

Question 37

The type of declarative(explicit) memory associated w mental time travel is

Answer 37

Episodic memory

Question 38

Declarative (explicit) memory not associated with mental time travel is

Answer 38

Semantic

Question 39

I’m having an FMRI and recall certain facts and events. What type of memories are likely to show in my hippocamal activation?

Answer 39

My 10th birthday and what I had for lunch that day.

Question 40

What is the Modal Model explanation for the primacy effect?

Answer 40

Items early in the list in rehearsed more therefore transferred to LTM

Question 41

Example of double disassociation analogous to describe distinction between STM and LTM.

Answer 41

Lenny has damaged Hippocampi and can’t form new LTM but normal STM. KB has frontal lobe damage and has impaired STM but normal LTM.

Question 42

What type of code would I most likely to maintain in LTM after reading a passage?

Answer 42

Semantic.

Question 43

Research supports which conclusion about semantic and episodic memory?

a. they’re supported by exact same brain areas
b. they are completely independent forms of memory
c. they are overlapping, but distinct form or memories
d. episodic memory is retained longer than semantic memory

Answer 43

c. they overlap but are distinct.