LTM- Structure Flashcards
In a serial position experiment, recalling of early items is called ______ and recalling and items is called ______. Define both.
Would recallers who had a pause after their last word to better or worse?
Recalling early items is called primacy. Words that can be rehearsed by repetition.
Recalling of end items is called recency, it’s not rehearsed much but short-term memory retains some memory. So recalling the middle items is the most difficult.
People who had to recall after a small delay should have a more difficult time recalling the recency item because their short-term memory has a ready fleeted.
What is functional serial position, what does that have to do with recall rate?
What does this explanation put a damper on?
Functional serial position is the position of a word during an experiment. For example in class, the word lemon’s functional serial position is at the end between 18,19, and 20. The items from the beginning get rehearsed from the beginning while middle words may never get rehearsed.
However the recall rate is tied to how recently rehearsed the words will studying. This puts a damper on explanation that more rehearsal leads to long-term memory
According to the modal model why do we have that excellent recall of an item?
Because it’s due to rehearsal. more rehearsal improves recall and it helps us to encode into long-term memory.
Is recalling something from five minutes ago A short-term memory or long-term memory?
It is already considered long-term memory.
Why would a groups recency on a graph decreased? Why would there be a lack of recency?
Lack of recency effect is due to interference or delay before recall.
Switching semantic categories shows what? What is an example.
Switching Semantic category shows released from proactive interference regardless of what categories they’re in.
Like Doctor,Nurse,Lawyer… Teacher,Janitor,Admin
Peach,Orange,Kiwi
The fruits above has almost reactivated memory… you will remember that better because the meaning is different. (Wickens)
What is coding in short-term and long-term memory? Describe visual coding, auditory coding, and semantic coding.
STM = auditory and visual LTM = semantic
auditory coding in the form of a sound, and Semantic coding which is coding in the mind in terms of meaning.
Provide some examples for visual/auditory/semantic coding. STM and LTM.
Visual = Recalling a pattern that is represented in my mind is a short-term memory coding. Long-term memory visual coding is when I visualize a personal place from the past. I can picture mrs. Chung from 5th grade.
Auditory coding in short-term memory can be found in the Conrads demonstration of the phonological similarity effect which showed that people often miss identify target letters as another letter that sounds just like to target. For example S and F which don’t look alike but the sound alike. For long term, playing a song in my head.
For semantic coding, it appears that proactive interference decreases the memory that occurs with previously learned information. However switching up the semantic category seems to release from proactive interference.
What does reliefs from proactive interference tell us about coding in short-term memory?
When looking at the Wickens experiments, it appears that the word categories is important because of the meaning.
For example, three words: lawyer, firefighter, teacher Trial 1. Dancer, minister, executive trial 2. all the way until trial four: Orange, Cherry, pineapple.
What kind of experiment did Jacqueline Sachs demonstrate when looking at Semantic coding in long-term memory?
Sachs had subject listen to a tape recording of the passage and measured their recognition memory to determine whether they remember the exact wording of sentences or just a general meaning of the passage.
ie; Gallileo story
What type of coding would I utilize in memorizing a phone number? And why?
I would utilize auditory coding. Because I would repeat it to myself. Auditory coding is the predominant type of coding in short-term memory.
Gerkens believes that short-term memory is just long-term memory that _____ _____ __________ ________ ___.
We are consciously aware of.
T or F? According to Sachs experiment which supports the claim of a dominant coding, we use semantics for short-term memory and phonetics for long-term memory. Using an example, why?
False. We use phonetics for short-term memory and semantics for long-term memory.
We encode the meaning long-term, like when we study. We don’t process verbatim, but we process the meaning.
Removal of the hippocampus did what to the patient long-term memory?
It eliminated his seizures, but also eliminated his ability to form new long-term memories.
The double dissociation for short-term memory and long-term memory as seen in Clive wearing versus K.S experience, what does this evidence support?
This evidence supports the idea that STM and LTM are caused by different mechanism, which can act independently.
Viral encephalitis destroyed what part of Clive wearing’s brain?
Medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus (encode of new LTM)- Bilaterally, amygdala, and some structures in the temporal lobe.
T or F? Memory is localized.
False. We have distributed representation of memories across the cortex.
What type of amnesiac is Clive wearing? And what is his repetition considered?
Clive wearing is in Antero-grade amnesiac. It is Perserveration, repeating himself.
Kong factory worker learned how to work a machine even tho he also had anterograde amnesia. What type of skill did he learn?
Procedural skills.
In questions concerning whether the hippocampus is crucial for forming new long-term memories what did Ranganath and Mark Esposito find? Hint, novel and familiar faces.
What areas of the brain do they believe plays a role in short-term memory as well?
Brain activity remains similar between holding novel and familiar faces, so they concluded that the hippocampus is involved in maintaining novel information in memory during short delays.
Results indicated that the hippocampus and other medial temporal lobe structures only thought to be long-term memory also play a role in short-term memory.
Why are episodic memory, memory for experiences and semantic memory, memory for fact, considered to be two different types of memory?
They have differences in the following:
1) Experience – the type of experience associated with both,
2) Neuro psychology – how brain-damaged affects each one
3) Brain imaging – the fMRI responses to each one.
How does Tulving describe the distinction and defining property of the experience of episodic memory? How does this differ from semantic memory?
According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that it involves mental time travel. Tulving describes this experience of mental time travel/episodic memory as self knowing or remembering. This is opposite of Semantic. Which has no personal meaning behind it.
What does the double dissociation between episodic and semantic memory show?
It demonstrates that the two different types of information probably involved different mechanisms. However there is also an interaction between both.
How does episodic and semantic memories show interaction?
Episodic and semantic memories show how knowledge, or semantic affect experience, or episodic and the make up of auto biographical memory.
