Review Questions Chapter 5 Flashcards
Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States.
False, Cardiovascular disease is
The genetic alterations associated with neoplasia are passed to daughter cells upon cell division.
true
DNA methylation and histone modifications are associated with
Epigenetics
All tumors are ___________.
Clonal
Which of the following has the greatest impact on the biological behavior of a neoplasm?
Parenchyma
The _____ is crucial to the growth of the neoplasm, since it carries the blood supply and provides support for the growth of parenchymal cells
Stroma
Which of the following is not a hallmark of cancer development?
Anaerobic glycolysis
Which of the following refers to a benign neoplasm derived from glandular tissue?
Adenoma
Which of the following is a benign tumor which resembles the tissues of its origin?
Papilloma
Which of the following is a mixed tumor that contains cells from 3 embryonic germ cell layers?
Teratoma
Benign tumors are more likely to be anaplastic and malignant tumors are well-differentiated.
False
In general, benign tumors contain fewer mutations than cancers
true
A lipoma is a malignant tumor of mature fat cells
False
A loss or reduction of cellular differentiation is termed _________.
. Anaplasia
Which of the following represents cells that are disorderly, but still non-neoplastic?
Dysplasia
Poorly differentiated tumors grow more rapidly than do well-differentiated tumors
true
The rate of growth of malignant tumors usually correlates inversely with their level of differentiation.
true
Most benign tumors grow slowly, and most cancers grow much faster, eventually spreading locally and to distant sites (metastasizing) and causing death.
true
Malignant tumors that are composed of undifferentiated cells are considered anaplastic.
true
Which of the following is most likely to have a fibrous capsule? (
Benign neoplasm
Which of the following unequivocally identifies a tumor as being malignant? (
Metastasis
Which 2 anatomic regions are most frequently involved sites of cancer metastasis?
liver and lung
Lymphatic spread is more typical of carcinomas, whereas hematogenous spread is favored by sarcomas.
true
Tumors of the ________ are the most common cause of cancer-related deaths among females.
Lung
Among U.S. females, the death rate from uterine cervical cancer is ________ while the death rate from
lung cancer is _________.
decreasing; increasing
Environmental factors are the predominant cause of the most common sporadic cancers.
true
Reduced immune competence and ________ are thought to contribute to the increased frequency of
cancer as we age
somatic mutation
Most cancer-related mortality occurs between the ages of ______.
55-75 years
A 34-year-old female does not have a BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 mutation, but still developed breast cancer; this
cancer is categorized as a(n)
. Familial cancers of uncertain
inheritance
Xeroderma pigmentosum is the best example of _______
Autosomal recessive syndromes of
defective DNA repair
While preneoplastic lesions increase the likelihood of malignancy, most do not progress into cancer.
true
Which of the following is an autosomal recessive syndrome of defective DNA repair?
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) prevent uncontrolled growth and the typical loss of function mutation,
involved with altered TSGs, require a loss of ______ normal allele(s).
2
Which of the following is a normal gene that has a high potential to cause cancer when mutated, such as
a gene that regulates apoptosis?
Proto-oncogene
Oncogenic mutations are _________ because the mutations of a single allele can lead to phenotypic
change
dominant
Which of the following least likely to be involved with oncogenesis?
Genes that regulate noncoding DNA
Over 90% of all cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia involve a(n) ____________ of chromosomes 9
and 22, which is referred to as a Philadelphia chromosome
Balanced Translocation
An abnormal number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of organism’s haploid is termed _________.
Aneuploidy
Which of the following refers to a reversible, heritable change in gene expression that occurs without
mutation
Epigenetic modification
Which of the following involves DNA methylation and histone modifications to cause changes in gene
expression?
Epigenetics
MicroRNAs __________ gene expression and may be increased or reduced in their function.
inhibit
Epigenetic modifications may not alter cellular appearance and function (phenotype), but mutations
can.
B. False
Over time, tumors become more aggressive and less responsive to therapy.
true
Cancer cells may develop self-sufficiency by acquiring the ability to synthesize the same growth factors
to which they are responsive.
true
Which of the following is a rate-limiting step in the cell cycle that is commonly referred to as a
restriction point?
G1-S phase
Decision step of the cell cycle is known as _______
G0-G1 phase
The activation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) proteins will _________ the cell cycle.
Slow down
All cancers have genetic mutations that disable the G1-S phase checkpoint of the cell cycle
true
Inactivation of the RB gene requires alterations to both of the normal RB gene alleles.
true
The Rb protein regulates the __________
G1 to S
Human papillomavirus may encode proteins that bind to Rb proteins and render them nonfunctional.
True
The TP53 gene is an example of a(n) __________.
TSG
If DNA damage is detected, the products of the TP53 gene stimulate cellular arrest in which phase of the
cell cycle?
G1
The TP53 gene is not involved with __________.
Necrosis
Which of the following is a common example of a virus that can nullify the protective function of the
TP53 gene? (
HPV
The ____________________ involves the activation of caspase-8 to initiate apoptosis.
Extrinsic
Many tumors metastasize to the organ that presents the first ____________ they encounter after
entering circulation
capillary bed
Dicentric chromosomes are likely to be formed if p53 is present.
false
Cancer cells rarely (<50% of the time) reactivate telomerase to avoid shortening of telomeres.
false
In order to grow beyond __________in diameter, tumor cells must stimulate angiogenesis.
1- 2 mm
What is the “glue” that holds epithelial cells together, which must be inactivated to initiate migration of
a tumor cell?
E- Cadherin (ADHERIN - Adhere = glue)
Once in circulation, aggregated tumors cells may be afforded protection from antitumor host cells.
false
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is associated with which of the following? (
HNPCC (hereditary non polyposis colon cancer)
Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum have an inherited defect in which DNA repair system?
Nucleotide excision repair
When cancer cells transition to aerobic glycolysis, the phenomenon is called the __________.
warburg effect
Patients with chronic gastrointestinal inflammation have a(n) ___________ risk of developing cancer.
increased
The chemical carcinogen aflatoxin B1 produces a “signature mutation” on the __________ gene.
TP53
Which of the following is an oncogenic RNA virus?
Human T cell lymphotrophic virus
Hepatitis B or C infections are associated with ____ of all cases of hepatocellular carcinoma.
C. 80%
Epstein-Barr viral infections may contribute to oncogenesis by stimulating _____ proliferation
B cell
Natural killer cells act as a first line of defense against tumor cells and require previous tumor cell
sensitization.
true
which DNA oncovirus simulates the loss of tumor suppressor genes, activates cyclins, inhibits apoptosis, and combats cellular senescence and is responsible for 20% of oropharyngeal cancers?
HPV
Symptom complexes that occur within cancer patients that cannot be explained by the effects of a
tumor cell appear in _____ of patients. (
15%
Which of the following has been shown to have greater clinical value? (
Staging of cancer
Breast cancer may stimulate parathyroid hormone, resulting in __________.
Hypercalcemia
During surgery, a surgeon is likely to request a _________ to evaluate histological features of a tissue.
Frozen section
