Review Part 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of disease?
Disease is an impairment of cells, tissues, organs or body system function. It is the result of altered function of the body and poses a challenge to body homeostasis. It is synonymous with illness or being sick
What is body homeostasis?
Health, homeostasis is a dynamic steady state marked by appropriate regulatory responses by the body
Define Nosocomial
usually an infectious disorder as a result of being inside of a hospital
Define Iatrogenic
means a result of medical treatment
Define Etiology
means what is the cause if a disease or disorder
Define idiopathic disease
has an unidentifiable cause
What is the definition of a syndrome
a syndrome is a group of clinical symptoms and physical features that characterize a particular disorder
Define atrophy
decrease in size of a tissue organ or the entire body
Best example of physiologic atrophy
Thymus undergoing involution
ovaries uterus and breast after menopause
bone and muscles of the elderly becoming thin and prone to fracture
Best example of pathologic atrophy
Alzheimer Dementia is the best example
Examples of pathologic atrophy
ischemic organs, post infection or trauma testicular atrophy
and Alzheimer’s (best)
Generalized Atrophy due to Alzheimer’s Disease occurs through
widening of sulci and narrowing of the gyri, the occipital region of the brain however is spared
Define hypertrophy
an increase in size of tissue or organs due to enlargement of individual cells
Best physiologic example of hypertrophy
Enlargement of skeletal muscles in body builders
Best pathologic example of hypertrophy
Hypertrophy of the heart that occurs as an adaptation to increased workload
Define hyperplasia
an increase in the number of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs
hyperplasia examples
Endometrial Hyperplasia due to estrogens
Hyperplastic polyps of the colon
examples of hypertrophy with hyperplasia
pregnancy and hyper plastic prostate
define metaplasia
adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment.
Examples of Metaplasia
Squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium due to smoking
Gastric or glandular metaplasia of GE Junction in Barrett Esophagus
Is metaplasia pathogenic or physiologic
always pathogenic
define dysplasia
Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection.
usually precancerous
best example of dysplasia
detection of cervical dysplasia (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or CIN) based on PAP smears.
**there is an association of dysplasias and cervical cancers with HPV!
definition of anaplasia
Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells
Microscopic hallmarks of Anaplasia?
-the cells and the nuclei display marked cellular pleomorphism
-the Nuclei are irregular and hyper chromatic (purple)
-extremely high nuclear/ cytoplasmic ration (1:4,1:6)
-large nucleoli present within the nucleus
large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures
definition of cell necrosis
the death of cells or group of cells within a living organism
Differentiate between necrosis and autolysis?
Necrosis is seen in the living (with inflammation) and autolysis is seen in tissues after death.
Define Coagulative Necrosis
The most common form of necrosis. Occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured
Coagulative necrosis example
type of necrosis typically occurs in solid internal organs, I.e. heart, kidney, spleen and liver, and is most often caused by Anoxia
Best example of coagulative necrosis
best example is heart tissue undergoing a myocardial infarction
Define Liquefactive Necrosis
a process by which dead cells liquify under the influence of certain cell enzymes. The tissue becomes soft and gel-like.
examples of Liquefactive Necrosis
most often occurs in the brain, when brain cells lost their contours and liquify
What is Caseous Necrosis?
A form of coagulative necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, cheesy substance forms
Best example of caseous necrosis
Tuberculosis, formation of granulomas a Ghon Complex
Fat Necrosis
specialized form of liquefaction necrosis caused by the action of lipolytic enzymes
Example of fat necrosis
enzymes are released into the adjacent fat tissue, usually after rupture of the pancreas (trauma, acute pancreatitis), causing degradation of fat into glycerol and free fatty acids. The free fatty acids rapidly bind with calcium, forming soaps, causing white, calcified specks
also occurs in the breast after trauma
define Dystrophic Calcification
necrotic tissue attracts calcium salt s and undergoes calcification
Dystrophic Calcification examples
Calcifications in Atherosclerotic coronary arteries
Calcifications of the Mitral or Aortic valves (Stenosis)
Calcifications seen around breast cancers that can be visualized by mammography.
Infant periventricular calcifications seen in congenital Toxoplasmosis.
Metastatic calcifications
deranged calcium metabolism (not cell injury), usually associated with increased serum calcium levels, leading to deposition of calcium in other locations.
examples of metastatic calcifications
Hyperparathyroidism, Vitamin D toxicity, and Chronic Renal Failure
