Review Part 1

Question 1

What is the definition of disease?

Answer 1

Disease is an impairment of cells, tissues, organs or body system function. It is the result of altered function of the body and poses a challenge to body homeostasis. It is synonymous with illness or being sick

Question 2

What is body homeostasis?

Answer 2

Health, homeostasis is a dynamic steady state marked by appropriate regulatory responses by the body

Question 3

Define Nosocomial

Answer 3

usually an infectious disorder as a result of being inside of a hospital

Question 4

Define Iatrogenic

Answer 4

means a result of medical treatment

Question 5

Define Etiology

Answer 5

means what is the cause if a disease or disorder

Question 6

Define idiopathic disease

Answer 6

has an unidentifiable cause

Question 7

What is the definition of a syndrome

Answer 7

a syndrome is a group of clinical symptoms and physical features that characterize a particular disorder

Question 8

Define atrophy

Answer 8

decrease in size of a tissue organ or the entire body

Question 9

Best example of physiologic atrophy

Answer 9

Thymus undergoing involution
ovaries uterus and breast after menopause
bone and muscles of the elderly becoming thin and prone to fracture

Question 10

Best example of pathologic atrophy

Answer 10

Alzheimer Dementia is the best example

Question 11

Examples of pathologic atrophy

Answer 11

ischemic organs, post infection or trauma testicular atrophy
and Alzheimer’s (best)

Question 12

Generalized Atrophy due to Alzheimer’s Disease occurs through

Answer 12

widening of sulci and narrowing of the gyri, the occipital region of the brain however is spared

Question 13

Define hypertrophy

Answer 13

an increase in size of tissue or organs due to enlargement of individual cells

Question 14

Best physiologic example of hypertrophy

Answer 14

Enlargement of skeletal muscles in body builders

Question 15

Best pathologic example of hypertrophy

Answer 15

Hypertrophy of the heart that occurs as an adaptation to increased workload

Question 16

Define hyperplasia

Answer 16

an increase in the number of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs

Question 17

hyperplasia examples

Answer 17

Endometrial Hyperplasia due to estrogens

Hyperplastic polyps of the colon

Question 18

examples of hypertrophy with hyperplasia

Answer 18

pregnancy and hyper plastic prostate

Question 19

define metaplasia

Answer 19

adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment.

Question 20

Examples of Metaplasia

Answer 20

Squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium due to smoking
Gastric or glandular metaplasia of GE Junction in Barrett Esophagus

Question 21

Is metaplasia pathogenic or physiologic

Answer 21

always pathogenic

Question 22

define dysplasia

Answer 22

Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection.
usually precancerous

Question 23

best example of dysplasia

Answer 23

detection of cervical dysplasia (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or CIN) based on PAP smears.
**there is an association of dysplasias and cervical cancers with HPV!

Question 24

definition of anaplasia

Answer 24

Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells

Question 25

Microscopic hallmarks of Anaplasia?

Answer 25

-the cells and the nuclei display marked cellular pleomorphism
-the Nuclei are irregular and hyper chromatic (purple)
-extremely high nuclear/ cytoplasmic ration (1:4,1:6)
-large nucleoli present within the nucleus
large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures

Question 26

definition of cell necrosis

Answer 26

the death of cells or group of cells within a living organism

Question 27

Differentiate between necrosis and autolysis?

Answer 27

Necrosis is seen in the living (with inflammation) and autolysis is seen in tissues after death.

Question 28

Define Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 28

The most common form of necrosis. Occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured

Question 29

Coagulative necrosis example

Answer 29

type of necrosis typically occurs in solid internal organs, I.e. heart, kidney, spleen and liver, and is most often caused by Anoxia

Question 30

Best example of coagulative necrosis

Answer 30

best example is heart tissue undergoing a myocardial infarction

Question 31

Define Liquefactive Necrosis

Answer 31

a process by which dead cells liquify under the influence of certain cell enzymes. The tissue becomes soft and gel-like.

Question 32

examples of Liquefactive Necrosis

Answer 32

most often occurs in the brain, when brain cells lost their contours and liquify

Question 33

What is Caseous Necrosis?

Answer 33

A form of coagulative necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, cheesy substance forms

Question 34

Best example of caseous necrosis

Answer 34

Tuberculosis, formation of granulomas a Ghon Complex

Question 35

Fat Necrosis

Answer 35

specialized form of liquefaction necrosis caused by the action of lipolytic enzymes

Question 36

Example of fat necrosis

Answer 36

enzymes are released into the adjacent fat tissue, usually after rupture of the pancreas (trauma, acute pancreatitis), causing degradation of fat into glycerol and free fatty acids. The free fatty acids rapidly bind with calcium, forming soaps, causing white, calcified specks
also occurs in the breast after trauma

Question 37

define Dystrophic Calcification

Answer 37

necrotic tissue attracts calcium salt s and undergoes calcification

Question 38

Dystrophic Calcification examples

Answer 38

Calcifications in Atherosclerotic coronary arteries
Calcifications of the Mitral or Aortic valves (Stenosis)
Calcifications seen around breast cancers that can be visualized by mammography.
Infant periventricular calcifications seen in congenital Toxoplasmosis.

Question 39

Metastatic calcifications

Answer 39

deranged calcium metabolism (not cell injury), usually associated with increased serum calcium levels, leading to deposition of calcium in other locations.

Question 40

examples of metastatic calcifications

Answer 40

Hyperparathyroidism, Vitamin D toxicity, and Chronic Renal Failure