Cellular Adaptation Flashcards
Define Cellular Adaptation and differentiate the different cellular adaptation terms Distinguish between physiologic and pathologic cellular processes. Distinguish between hyperplasia and hypertrophy Define metaplasia and be able to give examples Identify changes in dysplastic tissue vs anaplastic tissue Identify the best example of a dysplastic change in the human body Identify other names for Anaplasia pathologically and clinically
What is Cell Adaptation?
prolonged exposure of cells to
Prolonged exposure of cells to adverse or exaggerated normal stimuli evokes
various changes at the level of individual cells tissues or whole organs this is known as cell adaption
Once adverse or exaggerated normal stimuli is removed most cells that have adapted to the chronic stimulation
revert to normalcy Ince again, while others do not the result is typically detrimental
what are the 6 ways that cells adapt
Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia Aplasia
Atrophy discussion
atrophy is the decrease in size of a tissue, organ or the entire body, which is common in many cancers and malnutrition
Atrophy can be classified as either physiologic or pathologic
examples of physiologic atrophy are the involution of the thymus that accompanies aging, the decease in bone matrix or density resulting in thin and prone to fracture bones in the elderly, and the degradation of the ovaries, uterus and breast after menopause and the reduction of estrogen in these women
examples of pathologic atrophy are organs that have experienced ischemic due to multiple etiologies, and Alzheimer Dementia
what is meany by a physiologic change
changes that occur regardless of effort, uncontrollable process in the body and within body systems
Proliferative Endometrium
in young women a large build up or proliferation of the endometrium occurs each mensural cycle, shedding of this endometrium layer will then occur , however once a women is post menopausal the endometrium is consider atrophic and does not expense proliferation
What hormone is a key factor in the patience of the bone matrix
estrogen, once it is drastically reduced after menopause, women become more prone to fractures
Multi-Infarct Dementia
multiple mini stokes cause death in brain tissue, causing pathologic atrophy
Generalized Atrophy due to Alzheimer’s Disease
characterized by a widening of such and narrowing of gyri
typically the occipital area is spared
Hypertrophy discussion
increase of size of a tissue, organ or the entire body
Hypertrophy can be classified as either physiologic or pathologic
a physiologic example of hypertrophy id the enlargement of skeletal muscles due to weight lifting
a pathologic example is Myocardial Hypertrophy
a normal left ventricular wall should be no bigger than
1.5 cm
in patients with Myocardial Hypertrophy we may see left ventricular walls that are 1.9 cm, 2.0 cm, 2.5 cm, causing a displacement of the chambers in the left and right ventricles
Myocardial Hypertrophy typically results from
an adaption to compensate for an increased work load an example of this adaptive response is concentric left wall hypertrophy caused by an increased need for harder pumping, due to peripheral resistance, HTN, and left ventricular pressure
Hypertrophy Cardiomyopathy
the observed enlargement of the heart is due to a genetic component
Hyperplasia discussion
hyperplasia is an adaptive increase in the number of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs
example of hyperplasia include Endometrial Hyperplasia due to estrogens and Hyperplastic polyps of the colon
