Introduction to Pathology and Pathophysiology Flashcards
-Differentiate pathophysiology vs pathology -Differentiate disease vs. body homeostasis -Define etiology and know the various types -Differentiate iatrogenic cause vs. idiopathic cause -Define Nosocomial diseases -Differentiate acute, subacute, and chronic diseases -Define the carrier state of a disease -Differentiate disease vs. syndrome and give examples of syndromes
What is the definition of pathophysiology?
pathophysiology is the study of the disruption of normal bodily function due to disease or the physiology of abnormal function
What is body homeostasis?
normal bodily function, a dynamic steady state marked by appropriate regulatory responses (an absence of abnormal responses)
What is the definition of pathology?
the study of structural or morphological abnormalities which are expressed as diseases of cells, tissues, organs, and whole systems
What is the only way to obtain a definitive diagnosis
pathology
What is the definition of disease?
an impairment of cells, tissues, organs or body system function
Disease is a result of?
altered functions of the body
Disease poses a challenge to
body homeostasis
Etiology defintion
cause of the disease or disorder
Idiopathic Disease definition
the disease is a result of an unidentifiable cause
Iatrogenic definition
the condition is a result of medical treatment
Congenital defintion
disorder occurring during fetal development
Nosocomial definition
a disorder or disease that result from being inside of a hospital, hospital acquired
Example of congenital disorder given in class
congenital berry aneurysm
Nosocomial is usually an
infectious disease
How do nosocomial disorders typically passed to patients?
fomite transfer, lack of hand washing, specifically lack of hand washing of physicians
Genetic definition
an inherited disease
Congenital Berry Aneurysm
a congenital defect in the arterial wall near basilar artery, if rupture occur due to the thin arterial wall a subarachnoid hemorrhage will occur, the CSF is displaced by blood if this were to occur
although present at birth, the actual aneurysm takes years to develop, so that rupture is most likely to occur in young to middle age adults.
Acute disease definition
serve disorder with quick onset, these diseases are typically self-limiting and patients present with signs and symptoms
an example of an acute disease
myocardial infarct
chronic disease definition
a long term continuous disease process, patients will experience exacerbations and remissions
these disease are usually not curable
examples of chronic diseases
chronic ulcerative colitis
MS
Neurologic and gastrointestinal diseases are many times
chronic
Subacute Disease definition
somewhere between acute and chronic timeframes
Subclinical Disease definition
a disease in which no signs or symptoms are present and it typically does not progress
Carrier state definition
a patient will harbor an organisms but does not show signs or symptoms of such disease
they can however transmit the disease to susceptible individuals
Carrier state example given in class
Mary Mallon or Typhoid Mary, carrier of Salmonella typhi in her bile
what is the etiology of MS
We do not specifically know but viruses are a heavy suspicion
angina and ischemia
essential the same, clot cases blockage in a vessel (i.e. in the the heart) and the organ must then relay on the other vessels to supply blood to the area
Coagulative necrosis
type of accidental cell death typically caused by ischemia or infarction
How long does it take to observe gross changes (i.e. coagulative necrosis) to the heart as a result of an infarction
about 24 hours of symptoms, such as chest pain, experienced by the patient
What is the definition of a Syndrome?
a syndrome is a group of clinical symptoms and physical features that characterize a particular disorder, i.e. Down syndrome
What are some examples of well-known syndromes?
Down Syndrome Cushing Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Turner's Syndrome Klinefelter's Syndrome Toxic Shock Syndrome
Why are we seeing an increase in men withToxic Shock Syndrome when it has been historically linked to women with dwelling tampons
Male (or female) Intravenous (IV) drug users may introduce Staphylococcus aureus from the skin to the blood stream resulting in Toxic Shock Syndrome
Typical Features of Down Syndrome
Mental Retardation Slanted eyes Brush-field spots in eyes Epicentral folds Protruding, big, wrinkled tongue Congenital heart disease Intestinal defects Single palmar crease (Simian crease) Shorten fifth finger Wide gap between first and second toes
Which syndrome is typically associated with epicentral folds and Brush-field spots?
Down Syndrome
What is a Simian Crease?
a single line that runs across the palm of the hand in contrast to the typical 3 crease found in most of the population
offend a feature of those with down syndrome
NOTE: this term is rarely used due to the derogatory connotation associated with the term Simian, instead it is referenced as a single palmar crease
Typical Features of Cushing Syndrome
Upper body obesity with thin arms and legs Buffalo Hump Red, round face Female balding Purple Striae Hirsutism
Typical Features of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Epicentral folds Flat nasal bridge Railroad track ear Upturned nose Smooth philtrum thin upper lip
Which syndrome is typically associated with epicentral folds and a flat nasal bridge?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Typical Features of Turner’s Syndrome
Heart shaped face Webbed neck Broad chest with widely spaced middles Streak ovaries, amenorrhea, infertility Short stature
Typical Features of Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Lack of beard, pubic, and body hair Female like hips Long arms and legs Gynecomastia Testicular atrophy
What symptom of Toxic Shock Syndrome may be observed during a physical examination
a rash
XO karyotype is associated with
Turner’s Syndrome
XXY karyotype is associated with
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
