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Pathology > Introduction to Pathology and Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Pathology and Pathophysiology Flashcards

-Differentiate pathophysiology vs pathology -Differentiate disease vs. body homeostasis -Define etiology and know the various types -Differentiate iatrogenic cause vs. idiopathic cause -Define Nosocomial diseases -Differentiate acute, subacute, and chronic diseases -Define the carrier state of a disease -Differentiate disease vs. syndrome and give examples of syndromes

1
Q

What is the definition of pathophysiology?

A

pathophysiology is the study of the disruption of normal bodily function due to disease or the physiology of abnormal function

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2
Q

What is body homeostasis?

A

normal bodily function, a dynamic steady state marked by appropriate regulatory responses (an absence of abnormal responses)

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3
Q

What is the definition of pathology?

A

the study of structural or morphological abnormalities which are expressed as diseases of cells, tissues, organs, and whole systems

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4
Q

What is the only way to obtain a definitive diagnosis

A

pathology

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5
Q

What is the definition of disease?

A

an impairment of cells, tissues, organs or body system function

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6
Q

Disease is a result of?

A

altered functions of the body

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7
Q

Disease poses a challenge to

A

body homeostasis

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8
Q

Etiology defintion

A

cause of the disease or disorder

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9
Q

Idiopathic Disease definition

A

the disease is a result of an unidentifiable cause

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10
Q

Iatrogenic definition

A

the condition is a result of medical treatment

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11
Q

Congenital defintion

A

disorder occurring during fetal development

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12
Q

Nosocomial definition

A

a disorder or disease that result from being inside of a hospital, hospital acquired

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13
Q

Example of congenital disorder given in class

A

congenital berry aneurysm

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14
Q

Nosocomial is usually an

A

infectious disease

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15
Q

How do nosocomial disorders typically passed to patients?

A

fomite transfer, lack of hand washing, specifically lack of hand washing of physicians

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16
Q

Genetic definition

A

an inherited disease

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17
Q

Congenital Berry Aneurysm

A

a congenital defect in the arterial wall near basilar artery, if rupture occur due to the thin arterial wall a subarachnoid hemorrhage will occur, the CSF is displaced by blood if this were to occur
although present at birth, the actual aneurysm takes years to develop, so that rupture is most likely to occur in young to middle age adults.

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18
Q

Acute disease definition

A

serve disorder with quick onset, these diseases are typically self-limiting and patients present with signs and symptoms

19
Q

an example of an acute disease

A

myocardial infarct

20
Q

chronic disease definition

A

a long term continuous disease process, patients will experience exacerbations and remissions
these disease are usually not curable

21
Q

examples of chronic diseases

A

chronic ulcerative colitis

MS

22
Q

Neurologic and gastrointestinal diseases are many times

A

chronic

23
Q

Subacute Disease definition

A

somewhere between acute and chronic timeframes

24
Q

Subclinical Disease definition

A

a disease in which no signs or symptoms are present and it typically does not progress

25
Q

Carrier state definition

A

a patient will harbor an organisms but does not show signs or symptoms of such disease
they can however transmit the disease to susceptible individuals

26
Q

Carrier state example given in class

A

Mary Mallon or Typhoid Mary, carrier of Salmonella typhi in her bile

27
Q

what is the etiology of MS

A

We do not specifically know but viruses are a heavy suspicion

28
Q

angina and ischemia

A

essential the same, clot cases blockage in a vessel (i.e. in the the heart) and the organ must then relay on the other vessels to supply blood to the area

29
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

type of accidental cell death typically caused by ischemia or infarction

30
Q

How long does it take to observe gross changes (i.e. coagulative necrosis) to the heart as a result of an infarction

A

about 24 hours of symptoms, such as chest pain, experienced by the patient

31
Q

What is the definition of a Syndrome?

A

a syndrome is a group of clinical symptoms and physical features that characterize a particular disorder, i.e. Down syndrome

32
Q

What are some examples of well-known syndromes?

A 
Down Syndrome  
Cushing Syndrome 
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 
Turner's Syndrome 
Klinefelter's Syndrome 
Toxic Shock Syndrome
33
Q

Why are we seeing an increase in men withToxic Shock Syndrome when it has been historically linked to women with dwelling tampons

A

Male (or female) Intravenous (IV) drug users may introduce Staphylococcus aureus from the skin to the blood stream resulting in Toxic Shock Syndrome

34
Q

Typical Features of Down Syndrome

A 
Mental Retardation 
Slanted eyes
Brush-field spots in eyes 
Epicentral folds 
Protruding, big, wrinkled tongue 
Congenital heart disease 
Intestinal defects 
Single palmar crease (Simian crease)
Shorten fifth finger 
Wide gap between first and second toes
35
Q

Which syndrome is typically associated with epicentral folds and Brush-field spots?

A

Down Syndrome

36
Q

What is a Simian Crease?

A

a single line that runs across the palm of the hand in contrast to the typical 3 crease found in most of the population
offend a feature of those with down syndrome
NOTE: this term is rarely used due to the derogatory connotation associated with the term Simian, instead it is referenced as a single palmar crease

37
Q

Typical Features of Cushing Syndrome

A 
Upper body obesity with thin arms and legs 
Buffalo Hump 
Red, round face 
Female balding 
Purple Striae 
Hirsutism
38
Q

Typical Features of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A 
Epicentral folds
Flat nasal bridge 
Railroad track ear 
Upturned nose 
Smooth philtrum 
thin upper lip
39
Q

Which syndrome is typically associated with epicentral folds and a flat nasal bridge?

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

40
Q

Typical Features of Turner’s Syndrome

A 
Heart shaped face
Webbed neck 
Broad chest with widely spaced middles
Streak ovaries, amenorrhea, infertility 
Short stature
41
Q

Typical Features of Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A 
Lack of beard, pubic, and body hair
Female like hips 
Long arms and legs
Gynecomastia 
Testicular atrophy
42
Q

What symptom of Toxic Shock Syndrome may be observed during a physical examination

A

a rash

43
Q

XO karyotype is associated with

A

Turner’s Syndrome

44
Q

XXY karyotype is associated with

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Pathology (5 decks)

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