Review On Human Development Flashcards
Explores how we change and grow from conception to death
Lifespan Development
Refers to the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development of humans throughout the lifespan.
Human Development
Domain of HumDev
Growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
Physical
Domains of HumDev
Learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
- Processes of thinking (brain)
Cognitive
Domains of HumDev
Emotions, personality, and social relationships
- How we use our emotions in dealing with our connections/ relationships with other people
Psychosocial
Key Issues in HumDev
Continuous or Discontinuous?
- E.g., development of the tree - does not change much
One course of development or many courses of development?
- Do we only develop according to this area or a multitude of areas?
Nature vs Nurture
- Predetermined by genes or affected by people around us?
8 Periods of Human Development
Prenatal development
Infancy (0-2)
Early childhood (2-6)
Middle childhood (6-11)
Adolescence (11-18)
Early Adulthood (18-40)
Middle Adulthood (40-65)
Late Adulthood (65-death)
True or False:
THERE IS LEARNING/DEVELOPMENT/CHANGES IN EACH PERIOD OF LIFE
TRUE
Key Principle of Lifespan Development
Development is not completed in infancy or childhood or at any specific age; it encompasses the entire lifespan, from conception to death.
KP 1: DEVELOPMENT IS LIFELONG
Key Principle of Lifespan Development
Dynamic interaction of factors (biological, cognitive, and socioemotional) is what influences an individual’s development.
KP 2: DEVELOPMENT IS MULTIDIMENSIONAL
Key Principle of Lifespan Development
Development of a particular domain does not occur in a strictly linear fashion but that development of certain traits can be characterized as having the capacity for both an increase and decrease in efficacy over the course of an individual’s life.
KP 3: DEVELOPMENT IS MULTIDIRECTIONAL
Key Principle of Lifespan Development
There are many possible developmental outcomes and that the nature of human development is much more open and pluralistic than originally implied by traditional views; there is no single pathway that must be taken in an individual’s development across the lifespan.
KP 4: DEVELOPMENT IS PLASTIC
Key Principle of Lifespan Development
Development occurs in context and varies from person to person, depending on factors; three types of influences - normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, and nonnormative influences
KP 5: DEVELOPMENT IS CONTEXTUAL
Three Types of Influences
Nonnormative
Normative age-graded
Normative history-graded
Key Principle of Lifespan Development
A combination of disciplines is necessary to understand development - any single discipline’s account of development across the lifespan would not be able to express all aspects of this theoretical framework.
KP 6: DEVELOPMENT IS MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Who is is credited with conducting the first systematic study of developmental psychology?
Charles Darwin
What theory is Charles Darwin associated to?
History of Developmental Psychology
Charles Darwin published a short paper detailing the development of what?
Innate forms of communication
How did Charles Darwin experiment innate forms of communication?
Scientific observations of his infant son and comparisons to animal psychology (dog)
In “The Descent of Man” by Charles Darwin, what is key to understanding the mental development of the child?
Child language acquisition
According to Charles Darwin, babies are better than animals because of what?
‘Infinitely larger power’ of associating sounds and concepts
Charles Darwin wrote in The Descent of Man that the language of dogs is equivalent to the language of
10-12 mos old babies
Theory: A non-traditional approach to learning that focuses on fostering a sense of independence and personal development in the classroom
Montessori Theory of Education (Maria Montessori)
Theory: Is a child-centered approach to learning and teaching that believes all children are innately motivated to learn and will do so given the environment and tools they need
Montessori Theory of Education (Maria Montessori)
Theory: Assessment is based on student-developed portfolios and teachers’ observational data (no tests and grades)
Montessori Theory of Education (Maria Montessori)
Who is the responsible for the Montessori Theory of Education?
Maria Montessori
Theory: Physical and mental development in FIXED SEQUENCES directed by our genes
Maturation Theory (Arnold Gesell)
Theory: Children will go through the SAME STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, in the same sequence but EACH CHILD will go through the stages AT THEIR OWN RATE
Maturation Theory (Arnold Gesell)
Which theorist originated the theory that development occurs in a cephalocaudal
development?
Arnold Gesell
Theory: When a child’s immediate need for a secure attachment bond is not met, the child feels threatened and will react accordingly, such as by crying or calling out for their caregiver. Moreover, if the need for a stable bond is not met consistently, the infant can develop social, emotional, and even cognitive problems.
Attachment Theory (John Bowlby)
According to the Attachment Theory (John Bowlby), Attachment bonds are innate.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Who is the second founder of the field of attachment?
Mary Ainsworth
Theory: A child needs an established secure base, or dependence, with their caregivers before venturing into the exploration of the world around them
Attachment Theory 2.0 (Mary Ainsworth)
What study was designed to look at the association between attachment and infants’ exploration of their surroundings?
Strange Situation
Attachment Classification System that states that the child displays distress when separated from the mother, but is easily soothed and returns their positive attitude quickly when reunited with them
SECURE
Attachment Classification System that states that The child displays intense distress when the mother leaves but resists contact with them when reunited
RESISTANT
Attachment Classification System that states that the child displays no distress when separated from their mother, as well as no interest in the mother’s return
AVOIDANT
Which theorist originated the theory of Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
THEORY: Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behaviour
Classical Conditioning
What are the Key Elements of Classical Conditioning?
- Acquisition - Learning takes place by linking a neutral stimulus to an unlinked stimulus
- Extinction - When a conditioned response weakens or ceases to exist
- Generalization - Conditioned response is observed with a stimulus similar to the original stimulus
Which theorist originated the Behaviorism Theory?
B. F. Skinner (Burrhus Frederic Skinner)
THEORY: A person is first exposed to a stimulus, which elicits a response, and the response is then reinforced (stimulus, response, reinforcement). This, ultimately, is what conditions our behaviors
Behaviorism Theory
What are the ABCs of Behaviorism?
Antecedents, Behavior, Consequences
Which theorist originated the Social Learning Theory?
Albert Bandura
THEORY: Observation and modeling play a primary role in how and why people learn; learning being the result of direct experience with the environment
Social Learning Theory
What theory utilized the Bobo Doll Experiment
Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)
What are the 4 elements of Social Learning Theory?
Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction, Motivation
Which theorist originated the theory of Cognitive Development Theory?
Jean Piaget
THEORY: A child’s cognitive development is not just about acquiring knowledge, the child has to develop or construct a mental model of the world.
Cognitive Development Theory (Jean Piaget)
THEORY: Cognitive development occurs through the interaction of innate capacities (nature) and environmental events (nurture), and children pass through a series of stages
Cognitive Development Theory (Jean Piaget)
Piaget’s Stage of Cognitive Development:
At this stage, they understand world through senses and actions
Object permanence is developed.
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)
Piaget’s Stage of Cognitive Development:
At this stage, they understand world through language and mental images
Symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar
Abstract thoughts are still difficult
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old)
Piaget’s Stage of Cognitive Development:
At this stage, they understand world through logical thinking and categories
Concepts are attached to concrete situations.
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old)
Piaget’s Stage of Cognitive Development:
At this stage, they understand world through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning
Formal Operational Stage (11 years old/ older)
Which theorist originated the theory of Social Development Theory?
Lev Vygotsky
THEORY: A child’s cognitive development and learning ability can be guided and mediated by their social interactions; learning is a crucially social process as opposed to an independent journey of discovery
Social Development Theory (Lev Vygotsky)
What zone refers to the things that a child can do with help?
Zone of Proximal Development
THEORY: Suggests that moral development occurs in a series of six stages and that moral logic is primarily focused on seeking and maintaining justice.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development (Lawrence Kohlberg)
THEORY: Women come to prioritize an “ethics of care” as their sense of morality evolves along with their sense of self while men prioritize an “ethics of justice.”
Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development (Carol Gilligan)
Which theorist originated the Personality Development Theory?
Sigmund Freud
THEORY: The agencies of the mind (id, ego, superego), do not exist fully formed at the start of human life. They emerge and continue to develop in a series of stages.
Personality Development Theory (Sigmund Freud)
Agency of the mind at the conscious and preconscious level that mediates between impulses and inhibitions
Ego
Agency of the mind at the preconscious level that talks about the ideals and morals and is referred to as the person’s conscience.
Superego
Agency of the mind at the unconscious level that refers to basic impulses
Id
THEORY: Personality development takes place over a series of stages using the model of sunrise to sunset
Development of Personality (Carl Jung)
Which theorist originated the theory of Development of Personality?
Carl Jung
In the theory of the Development of Personality, personality development takes place over a series of stages that result in what?
The culmination of individuation or self-realization
Which theorist originated the Psychosocial Development Theory?
Erik Erikson
THEORY: Personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood
Psychosocial Development Theory (Erik Erikson)
According to Erikson, what do we experience at each stage of psychosocial development?
Psychosocial crisis
What are Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Infancy (0-1 year)
Early childhood (1-3 years)
Play age (3-6 years)
School age (7-11 years)
Adolescence (12-18 years)
Early adulthood (19-29 years)
Middle age (30-64 years)
Old age (65 onwards)
Which theorist originated the Ecological Systems Theory?
Urie Bronfenbrenner
THEORY: Views child development as a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate family and school settings to broad cultural values, laws, and customs
Ecological Systems Theory (Urie Bronfenbrenner)
