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Genetics & Evolutionary Biology > Review of the cell and cell cycle > Flashcards

Review of the cell and cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two different types of cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic

- Eukaryotic

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2
Q

Give a description of a Prokaryotic cell

A

A prokaryotic cell is a cell that is lacking a true nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles of the eukaryotic cell, the prokaryotic cell appears much simpler in internal structure.

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3
Q

What are two examples of prokaryotes?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
    The general cell structure for these two domains is quite similar.
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4
Q

What is a Fimbriae?

A

Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

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5
Q

What is a Nucleoid?

A

A region where a prokaryotic cell’s DNA is located (not enclosed by a membrane)

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6
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

Complexes that synthesise proteins

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7
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A

A membrane enclosing the cytoplasm

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8
Q

What is a cell wall?

A

A rigid structure outside the plasma membrane

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9
Q

What is the Glycocalyx?

A

The Glycocalyx is the outer coating, found in many prokaryotes, consisting of a capsule or slime layer

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10
Q

What are the Flagella?

A

The locomotion organelles of some prokaryotes

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11
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

A membranous system of interconnected tubules and flattened sacs called cisternae, the ER is also continuous with the nuclear envelope. The membrane of the ER encloses a continuous compartment called the ER lumen (or cisternal space).

  • Rough ER
  • Smooth ER
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12
Q

In a Eukaryotic cell, what are the different parts of the nucleus?

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nucleolus
  • Chromatin
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13
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A Double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER

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14
Q

What is the Nucleolus?

A

A non-membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli

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15
Q

What is the Chromatin?

A

Material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes

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16
Q

Which cell structures or parts do Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells have in common?

A
  • Plasma Membrane: A membrane enclosing the cytoplasm

- Ribosomes: complexes that make proteins; free in cytosol or (in eukaryotes) bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope

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17
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

An organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products

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18
Q

What is a Lysosome?

A

A digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed

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19
Q

What is a Mitochondrion?

A

An organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated

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20
Q

What is a Peroxisome?

A

An organelle with various specialised metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product and then converts it to water

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21
Q

What are Microvilli?

A

Microvilli are projections that increase the cell’s surface area

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22
Q

What does the Cytoskeleton of a Eukaryotic cell do?

A

The Cytoskeleton reinforces the cell’s shape; functions in cell movement; components are made of protein.

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23
Q

What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate flilaments
  • Microtubules
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24
Q

What is the Centrosome?

A

A region where the cell’s microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles

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25
Q

What is the Flagellum?

A

A motility structure present in some animal cells, composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane

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26
Q

Draw a rough diagram of an animal cell and label it

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing

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27
Q

How is the Nucleus and all its parts organised?

A

Within the nucleus are the chromosomes, which appear as a mass of chromatin (DNA and associated proteins) and one or more nucleoli (singular, nucleolus), which function in ribosome synthesis. The nuclear envelope, which consists of two membranes separated by a narrow space, is perforated with pores and lined by the nuclear lamina.

28
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

A dense fibrillar network inside the nucleus of most cells. It is composed of intermediate filaments and membrane associated proteins. Besides providing mechanical support, the nuclear lamina regulates important cellular events such as DNA replication and cell division.

29
Q

What are pore complexes?

A
  • In the nuclear envelope, each pore is ringed by protein particles.
  • They allow material to come into the cell but also make it hard for bad material to get into the cell
30
Q

Draw and label a diagram of a nucleus

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing

31
Q

How is the Chromatin organised in the nucleus?

A

The DNA is coiled around the protiens and then these bundles are linked together as the DNA wraps itself around more and more proteins, thus forming a complex of chromosomes.

32
Q

How many membranes does the nuclear envelope have and what are they called?

A
  • 2 membranes
  • inner-membrane
  • Outer-membrane
33
Q

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

A

Rough ER, which is studded on its outer surface with ribosomes, can be distinguished from smooth ER which has no attached ribosomes.

34
Q

What are transitional ER?

A

Transport vesicles bud off from a region of the rough ER called transitional ER and travel to the Golgi apparatus and other destinations.

35
Q

Draw a diagram of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing

36
Q

What is the general structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A

The Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of associated, flattened sacs, or cisternae. Unlike the ER cisternae, these sacs are not physically connected. A Golgi stack has a structural and functional directionality, with a cis face that receives vesicles containing ER products and a trans face that dispatches vesicles.

37
Q

What does a Golgi Apparatus do?

A

A Golgi stack receives and dispatches transport vesicles and the products they contain.

38
Q

What is the Cisternal Maturation Model?

A

The cisternal maturation model proposes that the Golgi cisternae themselves “mature,” moving from the cis to the trans face while carrying some proteins along. In addition, some vesicles recycle enzymes that had been carried forward in moving cisternae, transporting them “backward” to a less mature region where their functions are needed.

39
Q

Draw and label a rough diagram of a Golgi Apparatus.

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing

40
Q

What are the relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system.

A
  • The nuclear envelope is connected to the rough ER, which is also continuous with the smooth ER.
  • Membranes and proteins produced by the ER move via transport vesicles to the Golgi.
  • The Golgi pinches off transport vesicles and other vesicles that give rise to lysosomes, other types of specialized vesicles, and vacuoles.
  • The lysosome is available for fusion with another vesicle for digestion.
  • A transport vesicle carries proteins to the plasma membrane for secretion.
  • The plasma membrane expands by fusion of vesicles; proteins are secreted from the cell.
41
Q

Draw a diagram of the relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system.

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing

42
Q

What is the structure of the Mitochondria?

A

The inner membrane is located on the inside of the mitochondrion and surrounds the mitochondrial matrix while the outer membrane surrounds the inter membrane space.

43
Q

What are Cristae?

A

The cristae are infoldings of the inner membrane of the Mitochondrion, which increase its surface area.

44
Q

What are the two compartments bound by the membranes of the mitochondrion?

A

The inter membrane space and the mitochondrial matrix.

45
Q

What substances or organelles are found near or inside the inner membrane of the mitochondrion?

A
  • Many respiratory enzymes are found in the inner membrane and the matrix.
  • Free ribosomes are also present in the matrix.
  • The circular DNA molecules are associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane.
46
Q

Draw and label a diagram of a Mitochondrion

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing

47
Q

What is the cytoskeleton of a cell?

A

A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.

48
Q

What are the different components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • The Cytoskeleton extends throughout the cell.
  • The cytoskeletal consists of:
    - microtubules
    - microfilaments
    - intermediate filaments
49
Q

What is cell division?

A

Cell division = how cells reproduce (ie, 1 parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells)

50
Q

What is the difference between cell division in unicellular organisms and multicellular?

A

– In unicellular organisms (prokaryotes, some eukaryotes), cell division = reproduction
– In multicellular organisms, simple cell division enables growth (eg, to replace damaged tissue)

51
Q

What is a daughter cell?

A
  • A cell formed by the division or budding of a parent cell.
  • Daughter cells are ~ genetically identical to parent cell and to each other
52
Q

How do Prokaryotes divide opposed to Eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes divide by binary fission.
Eukaryotes divide by mitosis or meiosis
– Meiosis used for sexual reproduction

53
Q

What is the first step of binary fission?

A
  1. Copy genome
    • From one origin of replication, replicate DNA in both directions to produce 2 large circular chromosomes
    • Tightly pack chromosomes w/ special proteins + “supercoiling”
54
Q

What is the second step of binary fission?

A
  1. Increase cell size
55
Q

What is the third step of binary fission?

A
  1. Split in two daughter cells
56
Q

What are the two different cell division processes in Eukaryotic cells?

A

• Mitosis
– Typical cell division, growth and repair

• Meiosis
– Necessary for sexual reproduction
– Has additional steps to avoid excess DNA and increase genetic variability of offspring

57
Q

When was the first record of mitosis and by whom?

A

1882: By Flemming

58
Q

Draw and label a diagram of binary fission

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing

59
Q

In normal humans, how long does the cell cycle usually take?

A

In normal human cell cycle (~24h): interphase ~23h and mitosis <1h

60
Q

What does the interphase of the cell cycle include?

A
  • G1
  • S (DNA Synthesis)
  • G2
61
Q

What does the ‘M’ or Mitotic phase of the cell cycle include?

A
  • Cytokinesis

- Mitosis

62
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

– In cell cycle, chromosome is a tightly coiled form of the DNA-protein complex
– In molecular biology, “chromosome” simply means “the DNA strand and associated proteins”

63
Q

What are Chromatids?

A

Identical copies of the same chromosome (“sister chromatids”), joined by the centromere

64
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

The cell copies all DNA (ie, multiple chromosomes) starting from many points of origin

65
Q

What happens in the early stages of Mitosis?

A

The DNA condenses into tightly packed chromatin fibres wrapped around special proteins called “histones”

66
Q

What is a Nucleosome?

A

A structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones.

Genetics & Evolutionary Biology (16 decks)

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