Mitosis

Question 1

What happens during the inter phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 1

– G1: cell growth, normal gene expression
– S: copy DNA
– G2: cell growth, duplicate organelles

Question 2

What phases happen during the mitosis -phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 2

• “PPMAT”
• Prophase
• Prometaphase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase

Question 3

What happens during the Cytokineses phase of the cell cycle

Answer 3

• 2 new cells divide

Question 4

What happens during prophase?

Answer 4

The chromosomes condense
– Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
– Mitotic spindle fibres (complex structure consisting of micro-tubules and proteins) form and push the two centrosomes apart

Question 5

What happens during prometphase?

Answer 5

The chromosomes attach
– Kinetochore protein complex binds to centromeres
– Nuclear envelope breaks down
– Mitotic spindles attach to kinetochores, thus linking centrosomes and chromosomes

Question 6

What happens during metaphase?

Answer 6

Chromosomes align

– Chromosomes line up in middle of the cell, along an imaginary “metaphase plate”

Question 7

What happens during anaphase?

Answer 7

Chromosomes separate
– Sister chromatids separate
– Chromatid pairs pulled apart along spindle fibres by motor protein

Question 8

What happens during telophase?

Answer 8

Chromosomes relax
– Nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes
– Spindle fibres disintegrate

Question 9

What happens during cytokinesis?

Answer 9

• Actin microfilaments form a ring on inside of cell membrane, in middle of dividing cells (at location of metaphase plate) → forms a narrow groove (“cleavage furrow”)
• Filaments are drawn together, pinching the cell membrane together → separates cytoplasm into 2 identical daughter cells

Question 10

What happens during prophase in a plant cell?

Answer 10

The chromosomes are condensing and the nucleolus is beginning to disappear. Although not yet visible in the micrograph, the mitotic spindle is starting to form.

Question 11

What happens during the prometaphase in a plant cell?

Answer 11

Discrete chromosomes are now visible; each consists of two aligned, identical sister chromatids. Later in prometaphase, the nuclear envelope will fragment.

Question 12

What happens during metaphase in a plant cell?

Answer 12

The spindle is complete, and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all at the metaphase plate.

Question 13

What happens during anaphase in a plant cell?

Answer 13

The chromatids of each chromosome have separated, and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the ends of the cell as their kinetochore microtubules shorten.

Question 14

What happens during telophase in a plant cell?

Answer 14

Daughter nuclei are forming. Meanwhile, cytokinesis has started: The cell plate, which will divide the cytoplasm in two, is growing toward the perimeter of the parent cell.

Question 15

How does cytokinesis work in plant cells?

Answer 15

In a plant cell there in a cell wall that is more brittle than a cell membrane. Therefore to separate the daughter cells there are many vesicles that form a cell plate in the middle of the two cells. Eventually these vesicles form the new cell wall.

Question 16

What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

Answer 16

The G1 phase is the time in which a cell grows. During this phase, the cell synthesizes various enzymes and nutrients that are needed later on for DNA replication and cell division. The duration of the G1 phase is variable and it often depends on the nutrients that are available to a cell. The G1 phase is also when cells produce the most proteins.

Question 17

What happens during the G2 phase of the cell cycle

Answer 17

During G2, the cell will continue to grow and produce new proteins. At the end of G2 is another control checkpoint (G2 Checkpoint) to determine if the cell can now proceed to enter M (mitosis) and divide.
- Preparation for mitosis

Question 18

What happens during S phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 18

To produce two similar daughter cells, the complete DNA instructions in the cell must be duplicated. DNA replication occurs during this S (synthesis) phase.

Question 19

What is the main function of M phase (mitosis)

Answer 19

cell division

Question 20

What is the first step in animal cell mitosis?

Answer 20

Chromosomes duplicate to produce sister chromatids

Question 21

What is the second step in animal cell mitosis?

Answer 21

Duplicated chromosomes condense

Question 22

What is the third step in animal cell mitosis?

Answer 22

Duplicated chromosomes migrate to the equatorial plane of the cell and the nuclear membrane breaks down

Question 23

What is the fourth step in animal cell mitosis?

Answer 23

Sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome moves to opposite poles of the cell.

Question 24

What is the fifth step in animal cell mitosis?

Answer 24

Chromosomes decondense and nuclear membranes form

Question 25

What is the sixth step in animal cell mitosis?

Answer 25

Membrane forms between daughter cells (cytokinesis)

Question 26

Draw and label a diagram of the cell cycle and mitosis

Answer 26

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing