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Genetics & Evolutionary Biology > M2 - Central Dogma > Flashcards

M2 - Central Dogma Flashcards

1
Q

What three functions must genetic material be able to perform?

A
  • The Genotypic Function
  • The Phenotypic Function
  • The Evolutionary Function
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2
Q

What is the Genotypic Function?

A
  • Replication, (Each cell must be replicated from a single cell into daughter cells)
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3
Q

What is the Phenotypic Function?

A
  • Gene expression, (Genes control shape and colour)
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4
Q

What is the Evolutionary Function?

A
  • Mutation. (Through mutations different colours are achieved)
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5
Q

In three points, describe chromosomes?

A
  • DNA, protein and sometimes RNA
  • A unit of inheritance
  • Where genes are usually located
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6
Q

What are the four different nucleotide bases?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
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7
Q

What are the structural components of nucleic acids?

A
  • Nucleic acids are composed of repeating sub units called nucleotide’s.
  • Each nucleotide is composed of three units: Phosphate group, Five-carbon sugar, Nitrogen containing base
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8
Q

Why is the Phosphate Group important in nucleotide’s?

A
  • Phosphate group can form strong covalent bonds
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9
Q

What is the difference in bases between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA:
- Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) which are Purines
- Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) which are Pyrimidines
RNA:
- Uracil (U) instead of T

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10
Q

What is a Deoxyribonucleotide?

A

It is a nucleotide in the DNA instead of the RNA

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11
Q

What are the Pyrimidine Deoxyribonucleotide’s?

A
  • Deoxythymidine monophosphate, dTMP

- Deoxycytidine monophosphate, dCMP

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12
Q

What are the Purine Deoxyribonucleotide’s?

A
  • Deoxyadenosine monophosphate, dAMP

- Deoxyguanosine monophosphate, dGMP

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13
Q

What is the structure of a polynucleotide chain?

A
  • DNA always read from 5ʹ to 3ʹ ends.
  • DNA always transcribed, replicated 5ʹ to 3ʹ
  • These numbers refer to the chemical bonds.
  • It gives directionality to the sequence.
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14
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A
  • Transcription and translation: DNA → RNA → protein.
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15
Q

Draw and fill in the Central Dogma flow chart

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing

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16
Q

What is a gene?

A
  • A gene is the “unit factor” that controls a specific phenotypic trait (Mendel)
17
Q

What are some examples of refinements on Mendel’s discovery of Genes?

A

One Gene-One Enzyme:
- Garrod (inherited disease of metabolism)
- Mutations in genes encoding enzymes produce metabolic block
- Example (Phenylketonuria is caused by the absence of phenylalanine hydroxylase)
- Beadle & Tatum (experiments with Neurospora)
Overlapping and genes within-genes (1960’s), and sequencing of eukayotic genes shown to be interrupted by introns (1970’s)

18
Q

What did Morgan and William Sutton prove?

A
  • They proved genes exist on

chromosomes

19
Q

What substances are chromosomes made of?

A
  • Chromosomes contain proteins and nucleic acids.

- The nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

20
Q

What are some refinements on genes that have been found and who were they discovered by

A
  • Sia and Dawson (following on from Griffith)-Transformation principle
  • Avery, MacLeod and McCarty – DNA is the transforming agent
  • Hershey and Chase – DNA is the genetic material
  • Fraenkel-Conrat – RNA can also act as genetic material
21
Q

What are the Sia and Dawson Experiments?

A
  • Frederick Griffith’s discovered transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Heat-killed Type IIIS bacteria (virulent when alive) & live Type IIR (avirulent) injected into mice → Many mice died → live Type IIIS bacteria isolated
  • Sia & Dawson performed the same experiments in vitro
22
Q

What was discovered from the Sia and Dawson Experiments?

A
  • The “Transforming Principle”
23
Q

What is the Transforming Principle?

A
  • The term given to the substance that could be transferred from non living cells to living cells, causing the living cell to show characteristics of the non living cell.
24
Q

What was the Transforming Principle in the Sia and Dawson Experiments?

A
  • Avery, Macleod and McCarty showed that “transforming principle” is DNA
  • This was seen when the Type IIR cells were added to the IIIS cells in the serum that precipitates IIR cells from mixture
  • Once they were added the DNA from the heat-killed IIIS cells was transferred to the living Type IIR cells and hence they were able to kill the mice.
25
Q

What is an Intron?

A
  • A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes
26
Q

What is an Exon?

A
  • A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence
27
Q

What is a Codon?

A
  • A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
28
Q

Draw and label a diagram for a Prokaryotic Gene.

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing

29
Q

Draw and label a diagram for a Eukaryotic Gene.

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing

Genetics & Evolutionary Biology (16 decks)

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