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Genetics & Evolutionary Biology > Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Gregor Mendel study?

A

Mendel studied the inheritance of 7 different traits in garden peas, each being controlled by a different gene.

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2
Q

What were the seven traits that Mendel studies in pea plants?

A
  • Seed shape
  • Seed colour
  • Flower colour
  • Pod shape
  • Pod colour
  • Flower location
  • Plant height
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3
Q

What did Mendel create after his pea plant study?

A

From the studies Mendel formulated 3 principles of inheritance.

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4
Q

What is the first principle of inheritance?

A

The principle of dominance (Whether Alleles are dominant or recessive):
- In a heterozygote, one allele may conceal the presence of another.

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5
Q

What is the second principle of inheritance?

A

The principle of segregation (Where Alleles segregate independently during gamete production):
- In a heterozygote, two different alleles segregate from each other during meiosis

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6
Q

What is the third principle of inheritance?

A

The principle of independent assortment (Where alleles of different genes assort independently):
- The alleles of different genes segregate, or assort independently of each other

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7
Q

What is a mono-hybrid cross?

A

A mono-hybrid cross is a mating between two organisms with different variations at one genetic chromosome of interest.

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8
Q

What is the first step of mono-hybrid crossing?

A

Each parental homozygote produces one kind one gamete.

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9
Q

What is the second step of mono-hybrid crossing?

A

The F1 heterozygotes produce two kinds of gametes in equal proportions.

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10
Q

What is the third step of mono-hybrid crossing?

A

Self fertilisation of the F1 heterozygotes yeilds both types of chromosomes (eg. tall and dwarf) offspring in a 3:1 ratio.

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11
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function, it is a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

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12
Q

What is a dominant gene?

A

Dominance, in genetics, is the phenomenon of one variant of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome.

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13
Q

What is a recessive gene?

A

A recessive gene is the phenomenon of one variant of a gene on a chromosome being masked or override by another gene with more expressive traits.

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14
Q

What is an Allele?

A

An allele is a variant form of a given gene.

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15
Q

What does homozygous mean

A

Having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes

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16
Q

What does heterozygous mean

A

Having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes.

17
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic constitution of an individual organism.

18
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

19
Q

What are F1 and F2 generations?

A

The F1 (first filial) generation consists of all the offspring from the parents. The F2 (second filial) generation consists of the offspring from allowing the F1 individuals to interbreed

20
Q

Draw and label a diagram of the mono-hybrid cross

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing

21
Q

What is the first step of Di-hybrid crosses?

A

Each parental homozygote produces one kind of gamete (each one has two different genes, eg. GG WW or gg ww)

22
Q

What is the second step of Di-hybrid crosses?

A

The F1 heterozygotes produce four kinds of gametes in equal proportions.

23
Q

What is the third step of Di-hybrid crosses?

A

Self-fertilisation of the F1 heterozygotes yields four phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio.

24
Q

What is the punnet square?

A

A probability method used for predicting outcomes of offspring

25
Q

Draw a punnet square

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing

26
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A
  • The phenotype of the heterozygote is midway between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes
  • One allele is partially, or incompletely, dominant over the other
27
Q

What is Co-dominance?

A
  • The heterozygote expresses the phenotypes of both homozygotes
  • Neither allele is dominant
28
Q

Draw a coloured diagram of a incomplete dominance punnet square

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing

29
Q

Draw a coloured diagram of a Co-dominance punnet square

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nzo4FTzXCbwOZjpoc_J_4IF3gsOXPcoyC2BowELmx0U/edit?usp=sharing

30
Q

What is dis-junction?

A

When homologous chromosomes move apart toward the opposite poles of the cell in anaphase I. Disjunction again occurs when sister chromatids separate and move away from each other during anaphase II.

31
Q

Why is the dis-junction of chromosomes important

A

Disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis is responsible for the segregation and independent assortment of genes

Genetics & Evolutionary Biology (16 decks)

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