Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAT0005 > Review of Embryology > Flashcards

Review of Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first 8 weeks of human development called?

A

Embryonic period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the fetal period?

A

After the embryonic period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens during the fetal period?

A

Mainly growth and maturation of the developed systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

In the ampulla of the fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

The curved end of the fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the morula?

A

A cluster of cells that cannot grow/multiply any further due to restrictions imposed by the zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does the morula form?

A

At around 96 hours after fertilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many cells form the morula?

A

16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the blastocyst?

A

The organisation of cells forming the morula forms the blastocyst by engendering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the maturation of the blastocyst

A

The morular cells in contact with the zona pellucida join together, compact and flatten to become an epithelial layer = trophoblasts

The few inner cells develop into the inner cell mass = embryoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the trophoblast form?

A

Placenta and nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the embryoblast form?

A

Bilaminar cell layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is blastulation?

A

Process that happens when blastocyst has fully formed and hatches from the zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Described the bilaminar disc

A

There are two layers:

1) Hypoblast (below) - during implantation this forms the umbilical vessel next to the yolk sac
2) Epiblast (above) - during implantation this forms the amniotic cavity

This forms the bilaminar disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the name of the point where the hypoblast and epiblast meet?

A

Embryonic plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is implantation?

A

The embryo comes into contact with the uterine mucosa after hatching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When does implantation take place?

A

Adhesion can only occur if the endometrium is in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the importance of the placenta?

A

It serves as the vascular connection between the embryo and the mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The stage of development following implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which event starts the process of gastrulation?

A

The formation of the primitive streak following the proliferation of epiblast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

Site where the epiblast cells start to migrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What structure helps to give the primitive streak orientation?

A

Prechordal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the oropharyngeal membrane?

A

Membrane that gives rise to the opening of the mouth

Formed next to the prechordal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the cloacal membrane?

A

Membrane that gives rise to the opening of the anus

25
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

Linear structure that lies along the rostral-caudal axis formed by epiblast cell movement towards the midline

26
Q

What are two important structures formed by the primitive streak?

A

The primitive node found in the cranial end of the primitive treak

The primitive groove found in the center of the primitive streak

27
Q

What is the function of the primitive node?

A

Becomes the primitive pit following epiblast cell migration

Allows an entry point for the epiblast cells to migrate into the hypoblast layer

28
Q

Describe the process that happens when the bilaminar embryonic disc form the trilaminar layers of the germline

A
  1. The hypoblast layer becomes the endoderm layer as the epiblast cells replace the hypoblast cells
  2. After the hypoblast cells become replaced by epiblast cells and form the endoderm, more epiblast cells move down, out and forward forming the mesoderm following differentiation
  3. The epiblast is now called the ectoderm
29
Q

What structure do each layer of the trilaminar disc form?

A

Ectoderm - forms the epidermis, CNS and neural crest cells

Mesoderm - form the muskuloskeletal, cardiovascular and urogenital systems

Endoderm - forms the lining of the GIT and respiratory tract

30
Q

What is the process of neurulation?

A

The cells from the primitive pit form an elongated tube moving cranially towards the prechordal plate

The tube is found underneath the ectoderm but above the endoderm

This forms the notochord

31
Q

What is an important feature about the notochord?

A

There is no mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm where the notochord is found

32
Q

What are the two divisions of the ectoderm?

A

Neural ectoderm - contributes to future brain and nerve cord

Non-neural ectoderm - contributes to the skin and placodes (hair follicles, nails)

33
Q

What is the role of the notochord?

A

To induce change in the ectoderm above it

The notochord produces growth factors that tell the ectodermal cells to proliferate, forming the neural plate

34
Q

What are the divisions of the mesoderm?

A

Paraxial mesoderm (somite)

Intermediate mesoderm

Lateral plate mesoderm

35
Q

Describe the formation of the neural tube

A

The neural plate involutes through the downwards pulling of the mesoderm

The edges of the neural plate move towards one another

  1. Edges = neural folds
  2. Center tube = neural groove

The ectodermal cells at the edges of the neural folds differentiate into neural crest cells

36
Q

What are the 3 layers of the neural tube?

A
  1. Marginal zone - forming neurons
  2. Marginal zone - forming neuroblasts
  3. Neuroepithelial zone - forming the spinal cord
37
Q

Where are the 3 areas in development where there is no mesoderm?

A

Prechordal plate - oropharyngeal membrane

Notochord

Cloacal plate - cloacal membrane

38
Q

What day is the neural tube formed?

A

21

39
Q

What is important for the development of neuropores?

A

Folate

40
Q

What happens if the embryo does not receive enough folate during development?

A

Failure to close the anterior neuropore at cranial end forms anencephaly

Failure to close the posterior neuropore at caudal end leads to spina bifida

41
Q

What 3 primary vesicles form during the vesiculation of the cranial neural tube?

A

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

42
Q

What vesicles do the primary vesicles form during their specialisation?

A

Prosencephalon splits into telencephalon and diencephalon

Mesencephalon stays the same

Rhombencephalon splints into Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

43
Q

What structure does the telencephalon form?

A

Cerebrum

44
Q

What structure does the diencephalon form?

A

Thalamus
Subthalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland

45
Q

What structure does the mesencephalon form?

A

Midbrain

46
Q

What structure does the metencephalon form?

A

Pons

Cerebellum

47
Q

What structure does the myelencephalon form?

A

Medulla

48
Q

Describe what happens to the caudal portion of the neural tube

A

The cells of the neuroepithelial zone move their way outwards into the marginal zone, forming structures towards the dorsal and ventral parts of the spinal cord

The structures in the posterior area formed from the neural tube form the alar plate

The structures in the anterior area from the neural tube form the basal plate

49
Q

What does the alar plate form?

A

The posterior grey horn with sensory neurons

50
Q

What does the basal plate form?

A

The anterior grey horn with motor neurons

51
Q

What is the remnant of the neural tube in a mature body?

A

Spinal canal with cerebrospinal fluid

52
Q

What do the neural crest cells differentiate into?

A

Melanocytes

Enterochromaffin cells

Enteric nervous system

Dorsal root ganglion

Pia mater and arachnoid mater

Many skull bones

Myelin of Schwann cells

Parts of the heart

53
Q

What does the mesoderm surrounding the notochord form?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

Intermediate mesoderm

Lateral plate mesoderm

54
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to?

A

Somites which divide into:

  1. Sclerotome - vertebrak colum
  2. Myotome - axial and limb musculature
  3. Dermatome - dermis
55
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to?

A

Nephrotome making the kidneys and gonads

56
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm giver rise to?

A

Splanchnic hypomere near the endoderm gives rise to the peritoneum and the gonads

The Somatic hypomere near the ectoderm gives rise to the heart, vessels and mesenteries

57
Q

What is the importance of somites?

A

Somites are the developmental basis of segmentation in vertebrates

One somite will give rise to one of the repeating structures:

  1. Sclerotome - develop into neural tube, notochord and vertebrae
  2. Myotome - forms skeletal muscles of back and limbs, diaphragm
  3. Dermatome - forms dermis

Somite cells also contribute to tendon formation and endothelium of the aorta and intersegmental arteries

58
Q

What structure divides the abdominothoracic cavity?

A

The diaphragm divides the abdominothoracic cavity into the superior thoracic and inferior abdominopelvic cavity

ANAT0005 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions