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ANAT0005 > Lungs and breathing > Flashcards

Lungs and breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Mediastinum?

A

A central wall of tissue dividing the thoracic cavity

Consists of:

  • heart
  • great vessels
  • fat
  • remnants of the thymus gland
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2
Q

What does the mediastinum divide the thorax into?

A

Divides the thorax into 2 pleural cavities:

  1. Parietal pleura - well supplied by sensory nerves, covers the rib cage
  2. Visceral pleura - no sensory nerve innervation, covers the lungs
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3
Q

What is found in between the two pleura?

A

Pleural cavity contains a small amount of lubricating fluid

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4
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

Gap between the base of the lung and the base of the pleural cavity

Allows lungs can slide and expand when fully inflated

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5
Q

Describe basic lung structure

A
  1. Right and left lung
  2. Fissures
  3. Hilum
  4. Bronchial tree
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6
Q

Describe basic lung anatomy

A

Each lung has an:

  1. Apex - top
  2. Base - bottom

The surface of the lung can either be:

  1. Costal - facing the ribs
  2. Mesiastinal - facing the mediastinum
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7
Q

How many fissures are there in the right lung?

A

2

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8
Q

What are the names of the fissures of the right lung?

A

Horizontal

Oblique

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9
Q

What are the name of the lobes of the right lungs?

A

Upper

Middle

Lower

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10
Q

How many fissures are there in the left lung?

A

1

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11
Q

What are the names of the fissures of the left lung?

A

Oblique

+ cardiac notch

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12
Q

How many lobes are there in the left lung?

A

2

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13
Q

What are the names of the lobes of the left lung?

A

Upper

Lower

Lingula

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14
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

The hilum is a large triangular depression where the connection between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura is made, marking the meeting point between the mediastinum and pleural cavities

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15
Q

What are the structures found in the hilum of the lung?

A

Pulmonary artery

2 pulmonary veins

Main bronchus

Lymphatics

Bronchial vessel

Autonomic nerves - parasympathetic and sympathetic to the smooth muscles of the bronchi and vessels

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16
Q

What are the components of the bronchial tree?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Main primary bronchus
  3. Lobal bronchus
  4. Segmental bronchus
  5. Bronchiole
  6. Terminal bronchiole
  7. Respiratory bronchiole
  8. Alveoli
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17
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Each lobe of the lung is divided into sub-lobes called bronchopulmonary segments.

Each segment is supplied by:

  1. A segmental artery
  2. A segmental vein
  3. A segmental bronchus
18
Q

What is the goal of inspiratory movements?

A

Increase the volume of the thorax

Decrease the pressure of the thorax

This causes the internal pressure to fall and air to increase

19
Q

What are the three ways to achieve the goals of inspiration?

A
  1. Increasing the superior-inferior height
  2. Increase the bilateral diameter
  3. Increase the anterioposterior diameter
20
Q

How do the ribs increase the anteroposterior diameter during breathing?

A

Upper ribs slope downwards at rest

Raising them increase the anteroposterior diameter of the chest and pushes the sternum forwards

Requires flexion at the manubrio-sternal joint

21
Q

What 3 movements are involved in increasing the bilateral diameter of the ribcage?

A
  1. Sliding of top ribs
  2. Bucket-handle movement in the true lower ribs
  3. Caliper movement in floating ribs
22
Q

Which ribs take part in increasing the bilateral diameter of the ribcage?

A

Lower ribs (5 and below)

23
Q

Describe the buckle-handle movement of the lower ribs

A

Anterior and posterior attachments of the lower ribs lie weel above the midpoint of the rib, so raising the ribs raises the midpoint

24
Q

What enhances the movement of the ribs increasing the bilateral diameter of the ribcage?

A

The flattening of the diaphragm

Contracts to flatten, pushing against the abdominal organs

Also aids in raising intra-abdominal pressure

25
Q

Which muscles are involved in increasing the superior-inferior height of the ribcage?

A

External intercostal muscles elevate the ribs with the aid of the pectoralis muscles, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid

26
Q

Which muscle joins the ribs and arms?

A

Pectoralis muscle

27
Q

Which muscle joins the skull to the clavicle and sternum?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

28
Q

How does the scalenes increase the superior-inferior height of the rib cage?

A

Fix the first rib so that the other ribs are puller towards it when the intercostals contract

29
Q

How do the scalene muscles increase the superior-inferior height of the rib cage?

A

Elevate the 1st and 2nd ribs

30
Q

What type of process is expiration?

A

It is a passive process

31
Q

What aids expiration?

A

Recoil of the lungs

Elasticity of lung tissue

Some contraction of the abdominal muscle - helps to push the diaphragm up

32
Q

What does active respiration require?

A

Contraction of internal intercostals pulling ribs down towards lower ribs fixed by back and abdominal muscles, aided by increased contraction of abdominal wall muscles

33
Q

What are the 2 steps of lung development?

A
  1. Outgrowth from gut

2. Proliferation and budding

34
Q

Describe the first step of lung development

A

A median lung bud grows out from the ventral side of the gut tube

35
Q

Describe the second step of lung development

A

Endodermal bud divides

Endoderm forms the lining of the system and the glands of the system

The endoderm is surrounded by the splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm that will form the smooth muscle, cartilage and blood vessels in the lung

Signalling between the endoderm and mesoderm helps to ensure correct branching

36
Q

How many alveoli are there at birth?

A

20-70 million

37
Q

How many alveoli are there in an adult?

A

300-400 million

38
Q

What are the functions of surfactant?

A

Stops the respiratory surfaces from sticking together by reducing surface tension

Aids oxygen uptake

Aids lung compliance

Inhibits excess mucus

39
Q

Around what week does the surfactant develop?

A

Week 17

40
Q

2 features of underdeveloped lungs in premature babies

A

Low lung capacity

Low surfactant

41
Q

What are the stages of bronchial tree development?

A
  1. Embryonic
  2. Pseudoglandular
  3. Canalicular
  4. Saccular
  5. Alveolar
42
Q

What structures make up the acinus?

A

Terminal bronchiole

Respiratory bronchiole

ANAT0005 (6 decks)

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