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ANAT0005 > Heart and great vessels > Flashcards

Heart and great vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Which two circuits make up the circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary circuit

Systemic circuit

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2
Q

Which two blood vessels make up the pulmonary circuit?

A

Pulmonary arteries carrying deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary veins carrying oxygenated blood

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3
Q

Which two blood vessels make up the systemic circuit?

A

Aorta carrying oxygenated blood

Vena cava carrying deoxygenated blood

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the vena cava?

A

Superior vena cava supplying the head, thorax and arms

Inferior vena cava supplying the legs, abdomen and pelvis

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5
Q

What are the two divisions of the mediastinum?

A

Superior mediastinum

Inferior mediastinum

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6
Q

What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?

A

Aorta

Vena cava

Trachea

Esophagus

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7
Q

What are the contents of the inferior mediastinum?

A

Anterior mediastinum = remnant of the thymus

Posterior mediastinum = oesophagus, thoracic aorta and thoracic duct

Middle mediastinum = heart and pericardium

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8
Q

What determines the division of the mediastinum?

A

The heart position splits the mediastinum into inferior and posterior

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9
Q

What surrounds the heart?

A

A fibrous bag called the fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

What is found between the fibrous pericardium and the heart?

A

Serous pericardium

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11
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer - layer facing the fibrous pericardium

Visceral layer - layer facing the heart

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12
Q

Which nerves supply the fibrous and parietal layers?

A

Somatic phrenic nerves

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13
Q

What is the shape of the heart?

A

Trapezoid

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14
Q

What features are found in the borders of the heart?

A

Superior border - great vessels

Inferior border - mostly right ventricle

Right border - right atrium

Left border - left ventricle

Apex

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15
Q

What are the two main divisions of the heart?

A

Atria - receives blood from veins

Ventricles - passes blood to the arteries

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16
Q

Aside from the major blood vessels, what are other important external features of the heart?

A

Vagus nerve

Ligamentum arteriosum

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17
Q

Which regions of the embryo form the atria?

A
  1. The true atrium

2. The sinus venosus

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18
Q

What is the sinus venosus?

A

Sac into which all the veins empty

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19
Q

What forms the smooth muscle of the atrial wall?

A

The sinus and parts of the pulmonary vein

20
Q

What forms the pectinate muscle?

A

The true atrium

21
Q

What is the pectinate muscle?

A

Rough part of the atrial wall

22
Q

What are the two remnants of foetal circulation?

A

Fossa ovalis

Ligamentum arteriosum

23
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

Remnant of the foramen ovale between the right and left atria

Carries oxygenated blood from the placenta across to the left side for circulation to the growing body

24
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Remnant of the ductus arteriosus

Carries blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta to bypass the lungs

25
Q

What are the 3 major structures making up the valves?

A
  1. Valve cusps - rounded projection of tissue forming the closure of the valve
  2. Chordae tendinae - tendons running from the edges of the valve cuplets to the papillary muscles
  3. Capillary muscles - muscles that contract before the ventricular wall to ensure the valve does not flip inside out and let the blood back into the atrium
26
Q

What is the moderator band?

A

Important in the contraction of the papillary muscles

A branch of the conducting system acting directly on the base of the papillary muscles

27
Q

What muscle type is found in the ventricle wall?

A

Trabeculae carneae muscle

28
Q

What muscle type is found in the atrial wall?

A

Pectinate muscle

29
Q

What are the valves of the ventricles?

A

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Tricuspid valve

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Aortic semilunar valve

30
Q

Why does the right ventricle have thinner walls than the rest of the heart?

A

The resistance in the pulmonary circuit is less than in the systemic circuit, so less pressure is required

31
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

Connective tissue supporting the valves

Also insulates the myocardium of the atrium so the only muscular connection is the atrioventricular conducting bundle

Found in the junction of the atria and ventricles

32
Q

Describe the development of the fibrous skeleton

A

Invasion of the connective tissue cells from the inner and outer layers of the heart during the development of the atrioventricular canal

Forms gradually so that the myocardial muscle connection is progressively reduced

33
Q

What is the root of the coronary arteries?

A

The aorta

34
Q

What are the two coronary arteries?

A

Right coronary artery

Left coronary artery

35
Q

Where does the aorta branch into the coronary arteries?

A

Immediately above the semilunar valves

Form the crown at the top of the heart

36
Q

Describe the divisions of the right coronary artery

A

Sinoatrial coronary artery

Right posterior intraventricular artery

Right marginal artery

37
Q

Describe the divisions of the left coronary artery

A

Circumflex artery -> marginal artery

Left anterior intraventricular artery

38
Q

What is the source of the cardiac veins?

A

The cardiac veins are branches of the great cardiac vein, which is itself a branch of the superior vena cava

39
Q

What does the great cardiac vein give rise to?

A

Anterior cardiac vein

Middle cardiac vein

Coronary sinus

40
Q

What is the nerve supply of the heart?

A

Sympathetic

  • superior cervical
  • middle cervical
  • inferior cervical
  • thoracic T1-T5

Parasympathetic
- vagus nerve

41
Q

Describe the role of nerves in the heart

A

The cardiac muscle has its own intrinsic beat

But the speed and strength of the beat is moderated by autonomic nerves

42
Q

Describe the initiation of the heart beat

A
  1. The beat is initiated at the SA node which lies at the junction of the superior vena cava and the sinus of the heart
  2. The wave of contraction crosses the atria and stimulates the atrioventricular node which lies close to the opening of the coronary sinus in the wall of the right atrium
  3. It crosses the atrioventricular junction in the AV bundle, which then divides into left and right branches that travel in the interventricular septum to the base of the heart
  4. One large branch from the right passes to the base of the right side papillary muscles to ensure they contract in time to sense the tricuspid valve
43
Q

What are the branches of the aortic arch?

A

Right

  • Brachiocephalic ->
  • Right subclavian
  • Right common carotid

Left

  • Left common carotid artery
  • Left subclavian artery
44
Q

What is the origin of the vertebral artery?

A

The subclavian artery

45
Q

What are tributaries?

A

Veins that drain into a bigger vein

46
Q

What are the tributaries of the vena cava?

A

Azygous vein

Right Brachiocephalic vein ->

  • right subclavian vein
  • internal jugular vein
  • external jugular vein

Left Branchiocephalic vein ->

  • internal jugular vein
  • left subclavian vein
  • external subclavian vein

ANAT0005 (6 decks)

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