Review from TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Iron deficiency anemia is classified as ________.

A

microcytic hypochromic (anemia characterized by small red blood cells; pale and relatively colorless)

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2
Q

The initial phase of hemostasis is __________.

A

formation of the platelet plug (hemostasis= process in which to stop bleeding….blood vessels actually vasoconstrict first…. but for the test, the initial step is platelet plug)

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3
Q

As with all surgeries, gastric bypass has complications associated with the procedure. The most common cause for reoperation after gastric bypass is ________.

A

anastomotic leaks

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4
Q

Mallory-Weis tear at the GE junction is closely associated with chronic alcohol abuse. The most common signs/symptoms are ________.

A

upper abdominal pain and bloody vomitus

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5
Q

(T/F?) Large, negatively charged molecules have a more difficult time penetrating glomerular barriers to enter the ultrafiltrate.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

All of the following statements are true regarding hepatic physiology EXCEPT:
A: liver receives 40% of total CO
B: 25% of total flow is supplied by hepatic artery
C: the portal vein has partially deoxygenated blood and contains nutrient/compounds absorbed from gut
D: portal vein supplies 75% of total flow to the liver

A

A: The liver receives 40% of the CO

FACTS= normal hepatic blood flow is 25-30% of CO and is provided by hepatic artery and portal vein…. hepatic artery supplies about 45-50% and portal vein the other 50-55%; ALL coagulation factors with the exception of factor VIII and vWF are produced by the liver; Vit K is necessary for synthesis of prothrombin (factor II), and factors VII, IX, X; albumin

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7
Q

Adriamycin is a chemotherapeutic agent commonly known to cause impaired cardiac contractility. This type of cardiac dysfunction is referred to as _______.

A

systolic dysfunction

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8
Q

Decreasing afferent tone (dilation of the afferent renal artery) will have the following effects… Choose ALL THAT APPLY:

A

correct answers: increasing GFR, increasing glomerular blood flow

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9
Q

You are evaluating a patient preoperatively for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. You note a recent ABG measurement in the chart… results are pH 7.37, PCO2 57, PO2 65, HCO3 34, Hgb 18, SPO2 93%. The patient has a long history of smoking and is in no distress. The patient has no chronic renal disease. This patient can be classified as having a _________.

A

totally compensated chronic respiratory acidosis

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10
Q

The blood bank product which contains the most fibrinogen is _______.

A

cryoprecipitate (FFP are spun and the precipitate is collected… vWF, fibrinogen, VIII)

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11
Q

Hyperkalemia potentiates neuromuscular blockade by decreasing the excitability of the skeletal muscle cells. (T/F)?

A

TRUE

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12
Q

Zenker’s diverticulum is a contraindication to TEE insertion. (T/F)

A

TRUE

Facts: aka pharyngeal pouch….it is a diverticulum of the mucosa of the pharynx, just above the cricopharyngeal muscle–upper sphincter of esophagus–In simple words, when there is excessive pressure within the lower pharynx, the weakest portion of the pharyngeal wall balloons out, forming a diverticulum which may reach several centimetres in diameter.

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13
Q

Blood flow TO the glomerulus is provided via the _______ renal artery. The resting tone of this vessel is primarily regulated by _________.

A

afferent; prostaglandins

prostaglandins: variety of strong physiological effects, such as regulating the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue. Prostaglandins are not endocrine hormones, but autocrine or paracrine, which are locally acting messenger molecules. They differ from hormones in that they are not produced at a discrete site but in many places throughout the human body. Also, their target cells are present in the immediate vicinity of the site of their secretion (of which there are many).

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14
Q

Your patient has been febrile for the past 24 hours. No maintenance fluids have been infusing for the past 12 hours. You would expect your patient to be __________ with a _________ sodium level.

A

hypovolemic; increased (kidneys conserve Na during states of volume depletion)

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15
Q

Which of the following is a benefit of utilizing normovolemic hemodilution as a blood conservation technique? ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE BENEFITS

A

ALL OF THE ABOVE: decreased total loss of oxygen carrying capacity (Hgb) per mL of surgical blood loss, maintaining normal oxygen delivery by maintaining overall fluid volume status and hemoglobin WNL, ability to transfuse autologous blood as needed

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16
Q

Increased _________ increases gut absorption of calcium, while _________ stimulates bone formation, decreasing plasma calcium levels.

A

calcitriol; calcitonin

calcitriol (hormonally active vitamin D)
calcitonin (hormone produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid…. reduces blood calcium, opposing effects of PTH…. stimulated by increase in serum calcium)

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17
Q

Increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation initiates renin secretion. Renin begins the process of ________ more sodium from the renal tubule.

A

retaining (renin just LOVES salt)

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18
Q

Which of the following commonly used opiate or opioid medications have active metabolites which may prolong respiratory depression in the patient with renal failure?

A

demerol & morphine

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19
Q

T/F?? Proteins secreted into the ultrafiltrate can be easily reabsorbed completely intact across the tubular membranes.

A

FALSE

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20
Q

The cause of the restrictive ventilatory defect in obese patients is ___________.

A

BOTH A&B: additional weight on the thoracic cage, additional abdominal fat/weight impairing diaphragmatic excursion

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21
Q

Patients who live at altitude (Denver, CO or Himalayan mtns) are often found to be polycythemic. This polycythemia is created by increased levels of erythropoietin as a result of lower atmospheric pressure.

A

FALSE (should be TRUE but answer was false)

polycythemia: disease state in which the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells increases

Altitude related - This physiologic polycythemia is a normal adaptation to living at high altitudes. Many athletes train at high altitude to take advantage of this effect — a legal form of blood doping. Some individuals believe athletes with primary polycythemia may have a competitive advantage due to greater stamina. However, this has yet to be proven due to the multifaceted complications associated with this condition.

Secondary polycythemia is caused by either natural or artificial increases in the production of erythropoietin, hence an increased production of erythrocytes

22
Q

l-arginine vasopressin is secreted by the _______.

A

posterior neural hypophysis (posterior pituitary)

posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin and vasopressin

23
Q

Anti-parasympathetic medications may cause ______.

A

urinary retention

These are anticholinergics!!! (atropine, glyco); increased body temp, increased HR, urinary retention

24
Q

You are performing a preoperative assessment on a patient with Hemophilia A. You know Hemophilia A is an abnormality of which clotting factor?

A

factor VIII (because VIII 8 A…. haha)

Hemophilia A is a genetic deficiency in clotting factor VIII, which causes increased bleeding and usually affects males. Usually (approximately 70%) it is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait

25
Q

The final stage in the pathogenesis of chronic renal failure is _____________.

A

glomerulosclerosis

Glomerulosclerosis refers to a hardening of the glomerulus in the kidney. It is a general term to describe scarring of the kidneys’ tiny blood vessels, the glomeruli, the functional units in the kidney that filter urine from the blood. Proteinuria (large amounts of protein in urine) is one of the signs of glomerulosclerosis. Scarring disturbs the filtering process of the kidneys and allows protein to leak from the blood into urine. However, glomerulosclerosis is one of many causes of proteinuria. A kidney biopsy (removal of tiny part of kidney with a needle) may be necessary to determine whether a patient has glomerulosclerosis or another kidney problem. About 15 percent of people with proteinuria turn out to have glomerulosclerosis.

26
Q

The kidneys are primarily responsible for regulating free water concentration in the body. (T/F?)

A

FALSE

Facts: blood flow through the kidneys accounts for about 20-25% of the total CO; autoregulation of RBF between 80-180mmHg

27
Q

You are evaluating a patient in preoperative holding. The patient’s BUN is 18 and the creatinine is 3.6. This patient has azotemia because the patient is clearly in chronic renal failure. (T/F??)

A

FALSE

BUN= 6-20
Creatinine= 0.5-1.0
MUST have increase in BUN and CREAT
azotemia: is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds (such as urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds) in the blood. It is largely related to insufficient filtering of blood by the kidneys. It can lead to uremia if not controlled.

28
Q

The only test available to evaluate all properties of clot formation & strength is the _________.

A

thromboelastograph

29
Q

Enzyme immunoassays are the most sensitive & specific tests to confirm heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, but not the most rapid. (T/F?)

A

FALSE

ELISA 1st …. then a functional assay (takes longer)

30
Q

Which of the following factors are NOT part of the final common pathway?

A

IV (calcium)

31
Q

Your patient has a Hgb of 7 mg/dL. Based on this finding, you would expect what change, if any, to this patient’s oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

Shift right (less O2 carrying capacity… increase PCO2…. so shift right for low affinity for O2)

32
Q

The kidneys receive what percentage of the total cardiac output?

A

25%

33
Q

Obese patients must be well-preoxygenated before induction of general anesthesia. This is due to their decrease in functional residual capacity, but not total lung capacity. (T/F?)

A

FALSE

Per M&M: FRC is directly proportional to height…. obesity however can markedly decrease FRC (primarily as a result of reduced chest compliance)…. Total lung capacity = RV + ERV + VT +IRV….. RV + ERV is FRC…. so if FRC is decreased then the TLC must decrease too!!!

34
Q

Which of the following is NOT a renal protective benefit of utilizing ACE-I/ARB medical therapy in patients with chronic renal insufficiency or failure?

A

decrease in coagulopathy

so renal protective benefits are: decrease in glomerular HTN… slowing process of glomerulosclerosis…. and thus improving filtering, so decrease in proteinuria

35
Q

When there is exposure of collagen from damage to the endothelium, the intrinsic clotting pathway is activated.

A

TRUE

36
Q

In response to injury, the capillaries ________.

A

allows more albumin to escape the vascular space

37
Q

According to the Society of Ambulatory Anesthesia guidelines for the management of PONV, the proper time to administer dexamethasone for the prevention of PONV is_____________, and the suggested dose is _______________.

A

at induction…… 4-5mg IV

38
Q

Your patient in septic shock is undergoing massive tissue debridement for necrotizing fasciitis. The patient is on norepinephrine at 30 mcg/min and vasopressin at 0.04u/hr. The starting Hct is 38% and the Lactate level is 5.0 mmol/L. ABG is 7.11/34/197 with bicarb at 17. You resuscitate with 6 liters of normal saline and give 100 mEq sodium bicarbonate as the patient is still hypotensive with a systolic BP of 75. After resuscitation, you are able to wean off the vasopressin but still require levophed at 12 mcg/min. Lactate is now 2.0. You repeat the ABG and get the following results. Ph 7.24/pCO2 40/ pO2 143 HCO3 22. The most likely cause of refractory acidosis is _____________.

A

hyperchloremic acidosis

Hyperchloremic acidosis is a form of metabolic acidosis associated with a normal anion gap, a decrease in plasma bicarbonate concentration, and in an increase in plasma chloride concentration. Although plasma anion gap is normal, this condition is often associated with an increased urine anion gap, due to the kidney’s inability to secrete ammonia.

39
Q

The majority of solute in the ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed via the __________.

A

proximal tubule

40
Q

In differentiating nephrotic versus nephritic syndrome, the patient with nephrotic syndrome will present with ________________ without _________________.

A

massive proteinuria; hematuria

Nephrotic syndrome is a nonspecific kidney disorder characterised by a number of signs of disease: proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and edema.It is characterized by an increase in permeability of the capillary walls of the glomerulus leading to the presence of high levels of protein passing from the blood into the urine (proteinuria at least 3.5 grams per day per 1.73m2 body surface area); low levels of protein in the blood (hypoproteinemia or hypoalbuminemia), ascites and in some cases, edema; high cholesterol (hyperlipidaemia or hyperlipemia) and a predisposition for coagulation.

Nephritic syndrome (or acute nephritic syndrome) is a collection of signs (known as a syndrome) associated with disorders affecting the kidneys, more specifically glomerular disorders. It is characterized by having a thin glomerular basement membrane and small pores in the podocytes of the glomerulus, large enough to permit proteins (proteinuria) and red blood cells (hematuria) to pass into the urine. By contrast, nephrotic syndrome is characterized by only proteins (proteinuria) moving into the urine. Both nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome involves hypoalbuminemia due to protein albumin moving from the blood to the urine.

41
Q

Normal coagulation is a balance between hemostatic and fibrinolytic properties. The “viscious triad” of elements associated with trauma that can create or exacerbate coagulopathy include:

A

hypothermia; acidosis

the trauma triad of death: hypothermia, acidosis, coagulopathy

42
Q

Portal hypertension can lead to hypersplenism, which can result in ___________.

A

platelet trapping & thrombocytopenia

43
Q

The leading cause of liver failure in the USA is _______.

A

acetaminophen toxicity

44
Q

Symptoms associated with TURP syndrome are caused by __________.

A

free water excess

45
Q

A shift to the right of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve decreases the partial pressure at which 50% of hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen. (T/F?)

A

FALSE

46
Q

Which of the following can precipitate sickling of RBCs in the patient with homozygous sickle cell disease?
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY

A

hypothermia, PaO2 40mmHg, septic shock

47
Q

A loss of sodium in excess of water is a more common cause of hyponatremia than an excess of total body water. (T/F?)

A

FALSE

48
Q

Patients being treated with alkylating chemotherapy drugs can experience which of the following complications?

A

potentiation of benzodiazepines

49
Q

When a patient undergoing general anesthesia is hyperventilated to a state of alkalosis, intracellular potassium levels _____________ while serum potassium levels __________________.

A

increase; decrease

50
Q

ADH exerts its action by _________.

A

changing the water permeability of renal collecting ducts