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REVIEW DECK Flashcards

1
Q

crystalline structure

A

atoms in a mineral must occupy fixed positions in a grid called a lattice

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2
Q

mineral def

A

nat occurring
solid
inorganic
defineable chem comp
orderly arrangement or molecules in a lattice

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3
Q

crystal growth

A

growth occurs as atoms attach to the outer surface
in an open cavity crystal faces grow perfectly
early crystals act as seeds for further growth

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4
Q

three types of crystals (based on face visibility

A

anhedral
euhedral
subhedral

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5
Q

mineral identitification characteristics

A

color
streak
luster
hardness
spec grav
cry habit
cleavage
reaction to acid
special prop

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6
Q

7 classes + 5 subgroups of #7

A

sulfides
oxides
sulfates
carbonates
halides
native metals
silica
- independant tetra
-single chain
-double chain
-sheet silicates
-framework silicates

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7
Q

clay minerals are a type of

A

sheet silicates

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8
Q

two types of clays

A

koalinite and smectite

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9
Q

does koalinite swell

A

no

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10
Q

does smectite swell

A

yes

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11
Q

what kind of clay swells and why

A

smectite

TOT structure allows water to enter

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12
Q

how small is clay

A

<4 microns

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13
Q

salt use

A

tatsty

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14
Q

5 ways minerals form

A

precipitation in water
solidification from a melt
solid state diffusion
biomineralization
precipitation from gas

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15
Q

solid state diffusion def

A

atom by atom transfer without ever melting

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16
Q

rock def

A

a coherent naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or less commonly a body of glass

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17
Q

two main types of rocks

A

clastic
crystal

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18
Q

bedrock vs clast def

A

bedrock attached to ground

clast not

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19
Q

physical characteristics that identify rocks

A

layering
grain size
texture
equantnness

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20
Q

three textures + secret fourth

A

crystalline
fragmental
glassy
foliated

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21
Q

not sedimentary to sedimentary

A

erosion transportation deposition

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22
Q

sedimentary to sedimentary

A

erosion transportation
redeposition

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23
Q

meta to ignous

A

melting

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24
Q

meta to meta

A

burial heating and remetamorphism

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25
Q

sed to meta

A

burial and heating

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26
Q

igenous to igneous

A

heating and remelting

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27
Q

sed to igneous

A

heating and melting

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28
Q

crust to rock

A

input of new melt into the crust from the mantle

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29
Q

rock to crust

A

subduction

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30
Q

three main types of rocks by orginin

A

igneous
sedimentary
metamorphic

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31
Q

two igenous realms

A

extrusive
intrusive

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32
Q

what is a melt

A

molten rock

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33
Q

lava vs magma

A

lava extrusive
magma intrusive

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34
Q

the crust and athenosphere are mostly

A

solid rock

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35
Q

melts occur in

A

localized areas

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36
Q

3 reasons for melting

A

decompression
flux (volatiles
heat transfer

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37
Q

how decompression melts

A

temp constant pressure goes down

melts the rock

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38
Q

how introduction of volatiles melts

A

subduction introduces volatiles
(water) changes the melting point

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39
Q

felsic %

A

67-76

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40
Q

intermediate %

A

53-66%

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41
Q

mafic %

A

46-52%

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42
Q

ultramafic %

A

38-45

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43
Q

felsic flow is _____ viscous because of the

A

more viscous
because of the silica

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44
Q

mafic flow is ______ viscous because of the

A

less viscous
because less silica

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45
Q

how does a melt become a rock (how does it freeze)

A

volatiles leave
reaches the surface
temp or pressure change

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46
Q

types of intrusions
(which is parallel)

A

dike (perpendicular)
sills (parallel)

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47
Q

what is a pluton

A

a magma chamber that solidified

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48
Q

what is a batholith

A

a bunch of plutons together

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49
Q

how does partial melting and crystal refractionalizatoion work

A

rock begins to melt
felsic melts earlier
resulting magma is more felsic
as mafic rocks stay solid, the felsic minerals migrate away
when it cools the opposite happens the mafic rocks solidify first

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50
Q

the whole mantle is one type of rock (what is it)

A

peroditite

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51
Q

aphanitic def

A

fine grained, cooled fast, crystals couldn’t grow much

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52
Q

phaneritic def

A

coarse grained, cooled slow, crystals grew more

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53
Q

porphyritic def

A

two cooling stages, slow to fast

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54
Q

aphanitic probably cooled where

A

underground

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55
Q

phaneritic probably cooled where

A

above ground

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56
Q

felsic rocks have what color

57
Q

mafic rocks have what color

58
Q

is pumice mafic

59
Q

3 types of volcano

A

shield
stratovolcano
cinder cones

60
Q

do shield volcanoes have mafic lava

61
Q

mafic rocks are rich in

A

iron and magnesium

62
Q

andesitic lava does what

A

bubbles up a little and fractures

63
Q

rhyolitic lava does what

A

super viscous
doesn’t move much
super felsic

64
Q

parts of a volcani

A

magma chamber
fissures and vents
craters
calderas
lava tubes
………

65
Q

do the biggest volcanoes have felsic lava

66
Q

how do calderas form

A

the side of the volcanoes collapse into the crater

67
Q

effusive eruption

A

low viscosity
lava fountains and flows easily

68
Q

phreatic eruption

A

groundwater interacts with magma making a steam explosion

69
Q

plinean / explosive

A

poof vesuvius felsic explosion

70
Q

two umbrella types of weathering

A

physical
chemical

71
Q

5 types of chemical weathering

A

dissolutionh
hydrolysis
oxidation
hydration
organic influence

72
Q

physical and chemical weather happen

73
Q

the least stable minerals weather the

74
Q

what is wethering

A

combination of phys and chem processes that turn rock in debris or ditritus also they corrode

75
Q

mafic minerals weather by

76
Q

felsic minerals weather by

A

hyrodlosis

77
Q

soil def

A

sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater

78
Q

how is soil destroyed

A

nutrient removal
soil erosion

79
Q

how does nutrient removal happen

A

farming crops takes away minerals

80
Q

how does soil erosion happen

A

you clear cut the woods and water and wind destroys it super quick

81
Q

four types of sed rocks

A

clastic
biochemical
organic
chemical

82
Q

how does clastic rocks form

A

weathering
erosion
transportation
deposition
lithification (two steps)

83
Q

two steps of lithification

A

compaction
cementataion

84
Q

ways to classify sedimentary rocks

A

grain size
composition
angularity
sorting
grain vs clast support
maturity

85
Q

maturity is a combination of ____ and tells you generally how far

A

grain size
composition
angularity
sorting
grain vs clast
support
how far away rock has been transported

86
Q

sediment grain sizes in mm

A

boulder >256
cobbles 65-256
pebbles 3-64
sand 1/16-2
silt 1/256-1/16
mud <1/256

87
Q

common types of sedimentary

A

breccia and conglomorate
sandstone
must one
limestone
chert
evaporites

88
Q

symmetric ripple marks

89
Q

assymetric ripple marks

90
Q

what is diagenesis

A

all physica chemical and biological processes that urn sediments into sedimentary rocks
<300C

91
Q

what is a metamorphic rock

A

underwent solid state alteration of pre existing rocks

92
Q

metamorphism is caused at what temps

A

250-850 C

different rocks melt at different temps

93
Q

what is a protolith

A

the parent rock that turned into a specific metamorphic rock

94
Q

effects of metamorphism

A

texture change
foliation
minerology
(new minerals can form through solid state diffusion)

95
Q

shale is the protolith of

A

slate
schist
gneiss
migmatite

96
Q

4 metamorphic processes

A

recrystallization
neocrystalization
pressure solution
plastic deformation

97
Q

recrystalization def

A

crystals change size

98
Q

neocrystalization def

A

crystals change comp

99
Q

pressure solution def

A

minerals grains partially dissolve where open surfaces press together

100
Q

plastic deformation def

A

minerals softener and deform under intend P and T

101
Q

polymorphs are

A

different rocks that can form from the same protolith

102
Q

differential pressure causes

A

inequant grains

103
Q

types of metamorphic rocks

A

foliated
non foliated

104
Q

metamorphic grade def

A

change from protolith

105
Q

types of metmorphism

A

thermal
burial
regional

106
Q

thermal metamorphism def

A

heating by a plutonic intrusion

107
Q

burial metamorphism def

A

deep burial in a basin diagenesis that went a bit too far

108
Q

regional metamorphism happens in

A

mountain building events

109
Q

orogenesis refers to

A

regional metamorphism

110
Q

wegner’s evidence for continental drift

A

glacial striations
climate belts
fossils
mountain changes and formations

111
Q

what was Wegner missing

A

how did the continents move through rocks
why did the move

112
Q

new evidence for continental drift

A

sonar
radar
……

113
Q

hess’s method for plate movement

A

oceanic plate descending into mantle is how rock is destroyed

114
Q

super proof for continental drift

A

magnetic inclination and declination leaves a signature of location and paleopole at time when rock solidifes

115
Q

magnetic anomalies why

A

pole swaps, magnetic materials pointed towards the poles, but when they were swapped they went the other way, when you measure their magnetism they cancel out in bands

116
Q

in negative anomalies the magnetic pole was

A

in the south

117
Q

how many major plates

118
Q

how many total plates

119
Q

plate tectonics vs continental drift

A

plate tectonics has the “why”
that continental drift didn’t have

120
Q

lithosphere thickness under continents

121
Q

lithosphere thickness under oceans

122
Q

lithosphere is the

A

cryst and ridgid mantle

123
Q

athenosphere is the

A

mantle minus lithosphere
(plastic mantle)

124
Q

continental crust thickness

125
Q

oceanic crust thickness

126
Q

the ocean that is not on oceanic crust is on the

A

continental rift

127
Q

the continental rift is on what kind of crust

A

continental

128
Q

the abyssal plain is

A

ocean not on continental crust (on oceanic crust)

129
Q

plate boundary types

A

divergent
convergent
transform

130
Q

an active continental boundary is on a

A

plate boundary

131
Q

a passive continental boundary is

A

not on a plate boundary

132
Q

what drives plate movement

A

convection

133
Q

plate velocity

A

1-15cm / year

134
Q

plates move at about the same speed that

A

your fingernails grow

135
Q

p waves travel ____ s waves

A

faster than

136
Q

how did scientists find the size of the layers of the earth

A

shadow zones and refraction

137
Q

p wave shadow zones

A

103-143 degrees

138
Q

which waves travel through liquid

139
Q

s wave shadow zones

A

greater than 103 degrees

GEOLOGY (12 decks)

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