REVIEW DECK Flashcards
1
Q
crystalline structure
A
atoms in a mineral must occupy fixed positions in a grid called a lattice
2
Q
mineral def
A
nat occurring
solid
inorganic
defineable chem comp
orderly arrangement or molecules in a lattice
3
Q
crystal growth
A
growth occurs as atoms attach to the outer surface
in an open cavity crystal faces grow perfectly
early crystals act as seeds for further growth
4
Q
three types of crystals (based on face visibility
A
anhedral
euhedral
subhedral
5
Q
mineral identitification characteristics
A
color
streak
luster
hardness
spec grav
cry habit
cleavage
reaction to acid
special prop
6
Q
7 classes + 5 subgroups of #7
A
sulfides
oxides
sulfates
carbonates
halides
native metals
silica
- independant tetra
-single chain
-double chain
-sheet silicates
-framework silicates
7
Q
clay minerals are a type of
A
sheet silicates
8
Q
two types of clays
A
koalinite and smectite
9
Q
does koalinite swell
A
no
10
Q
does smectite swell
A
yes
11
Q
what kind of clay swells and why
A
smectite
TOT structure allows water to enter
12
Q
how small is clay
A
<4 microns
13
Q
salt use
A
tatsty
14
Q
5 ways minerals form
A
precipitation in water
solidification from a melt
solid state diffusion
biomineralization
precipitation from gas
15
Q
solid state diffusion def
A
atom by atom transfer without ever melting
16
Q
rock def
A
a coherent naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or less commonly a body of glass
17
Q
two main types of rocks
A
clastic
crystal
18
Q
bedrock vs clast def
A
bedrock attached to ground
clast not
19
Q
physical characteristics that identify rocks
A
layering
grain size
texture
equantnness
20
Q
three textures + secret fourth
A
crystalline
fragmental
glassy
foliated
21
Q
not sedimentary to sedimentary
A
erosion transportation deposition
22
Q
sedimentary to sedimentary
A
erosion transportation
redeposition
23
Q
meta to ignous
A
melting
24
Q
meta to meta
A
burial heating and remetamorphism
25
sed to meta
burial and heating
26
igenous to igneous
heating and remelting
27
sed to igneous
heating and melting
28
crust to rock
input of new melt into the crust from the mantle
29
rock to crust
subduction
30
three main types of rocks by orginin
igneous
sedimentary
metamorphic
31
two igenous realms
extrusive
intrusive
32
what is a melt
molten rock
33
lava vs magma
lava extrusive
magma intrusive
34
the crust and athenosphere are mostly
solid rock
35
melts occur in
localized areas
36
3 reasons for melting
decompression
flux (volatiles
heat transfer
37
how decompression melts
temp constant pressure goes down
melts the rock
38
how introduction of volatiles melts
subduction introduces volatiles
(water) changes the melting point
39
felsic %
67-76
40
intermediate %
53-66%
41
mafic %
46-52%
42
ultramafic %
38-45
43
felsic flow is _____ viscous because of the
more viscous
because of the silica
44
mafic flow is ______ viscous because of the
less viscous
because less silica
45
how does a melt become a rock (how does it freeze)
volatiles leave
reaches the surface
temp or pressure change
46
types of intrusions
(which is parallel)
dike (perpendicular)
sills (parallel)
47
what is a pluton
a magma chamber that solidified
48
what is a batholith
a bunch of plutons together
49
how does partial melting and crystal refractionalizatoion work
rock begins to melt
felsic melts earlier
resulting magma is more felsic
as mafic rocks stay solid, the felsic minerals migrate away
when it cools the opposite happens the mafic rocks solidify first
50
the whole mantle is one type of rock (what is it)
peroditite
51
aphanitic def
fine grained, cooled fast, crystals couldn’t grow much
52
phaneritic def
coarse grained, cooled slow, crystals grew more
53
porphyritic def
two cooling stages, slow to fast
54
aphanitic probably cooled where
underground
55
phaneritic probably cooled where
above ground
56
felsic rocks have what color
light
57
mafic rocks have what color
dark
58
is pumice mafic
NAH
59
3 types of volcano
shield
stratovolcano
cinder cones
60
do shield volcanoes have mafic lava
YEE
61
mafic rocks are rich in
iron and magnesium
62
andesitic lava does what
bubbles up a little and fractures
63
rhyolitic lava does what
super viscous
doesn’t move much
super felsic
64
parts of a volcani
magma chamber
fissures and vents
craters
calderas
lava tubes
………
65
do the biggest volcanoes have felsic lava
no
66
how do calderas form
the side of the volcanoes collapse into the crater
67
effusive eruption
low viscosity
lava fountains and flows easily
68
phreatic eruption
groundwater interacts with magma making a steam explosion
69
plinean / explosive
poof vesuvius felsic explosion
70
two umbrella types of weathering
physical
chemical
71
5 types of chemical weathering
dissolutionh
hydrolysis
oxidation
hydration
organic influence
72
physical and chemical weather happen
together
73
the least stable minerals weather the
fastest
74
what is wethering
combination of phys and chem processes that turn rock in debris or ditritus also they corrode
75
mafic minerals weather by
oxidation
76
felsic minerals weather by
hyrodlosis
77
soil def
sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater
78
how is soil destroyed
nutrient removal
soil erosion
79
how does nutrient removal happen
farming crops takes away minerals
80
how does soil erosion happen
you clear cut the woods and water and wind destroys it super quick
81
four types of sed rocks
clastic
biochemical
organic
chemical
82
how does clastic rocks form
weathering
erosion
transportation
deposition
lithification (two steps)
83
two steps of lithification
compaction
cementataion
84
ways to classify sedimentary rocks
grain size
composition
angularity
sorting
grain vs clast support
maturity
85
maturity is a combination of ____ and tells you generally how far
grain size
composition
angularity
sorting
grain vs clast
support
how far away rock has been transported
86
sediment grain sizes in mm
boulder >256
cobbles 65-256
pebbles 3-64
sand 1/16-2
silt 1/256-1/16
mud <1/256
87
common types of sedimentary
breccia and conglomorate
sandstone
must one
limestone
chert
evaporites
88
symmetric ripple marks
beach
89
assymetric ripple marks
river
90
what is diagenesis
all physica chemical and biological processes that urn sediments into sedimentary rocks
<300C
91
what is a metamorphic rock
underwent solid state alteration of pre existing rocks
92
metamorphism is caused at what temps
250-850 C
different rocks melt at different temps
93
what is a protolith
the parent rock that turned into a specific metamorphic rock
94
effects of metamorphism
texture change
foliation
minerology
(new minerals can form through solid state diffusion)
95
shale is the protolith of
slate
schist
gneiss
migmatite
96
4 metamorphic processes
recrystallization
neocrystalization
pressure solution
plastic deformation
97
recrystalization def
crystals change size
98
neocrystalization def
crystals change comp
99
pressure solution def
minerals grains partially dissolve where open surfaces press together
100
plastic deformation def
minerals softener and deform under intend P and T
101
polymorphs are
different rocks that can form from the same protolith
102
differential pressure causes
inequant grains
103
types of metamorphic rocks
foliated
non foliated
104
metamorphic grade def
change from protolith
105
types of metmorphism
thermal
burial
regional
106
thermal metamorphism def
heating by a plutonic intrusion
107
burial metamorphism def
deep burial in a basin diagenesis that went a bit too far
108
regional metamorphism happens in
mountain building events
109
orogenesis refers to
regional metamorphism
110
wegner’s evidence for continental drift
glacial striations
climate belts
fossils
mountain changes and formations
111
what was Wegner missing
how did the continents move through rocks
why did the move
112
new evidence for continental drift
sonar
radar
……
113
hess’s method for plate movement
oceanic plate descending into mantle is how rock is destroyed
114
super proof for continental drift
magnetic inclination and declination leaves a signature of location and paleopole at time when rock solidifes
115
magnetic anomalies why
pole swaps, magnetic materials pointed towards the poles, but when they were swapped they went the other way, when you measure their magnetism they cancel out in bands
116
in negative anomalies the magnetic pole was
in the south
117
how many major plates
12
118
how many total plates
20
119
plate tectonics vs continental drift
plate tectonics has the “why”
that continental drift didn’t have
120
lithosphere thickness under continents
150-200km
121
lithosphere thickness under oceans
10-100km
122
lithosphere is the
cryst and ridgid mantle
123
athenosphere is the
mantle minus lithosphere
(plastic mantle)
124
continental crust thickness
25-70 km
125
oceanic crust thickness
7-10km
126
the ocean that is not on oceanic crust is on the
continental rift
127
the continental rift is on what kind of crust
continental
128
the abyssal plain is
ocean not on continental crust (on oceanic crust)
129
plate boundary types
divergent
convergent
transform
130
an active continental boundary is on a
plate boundary
131
a passive continental boundary is
not on a plate boundary
132
what drives plate movement
convection
133
plate velocity
1-15cm / year
134
plates move at about the same speed that
your fingernails grow
135
p waves travel ____ s waves
faster than
136
how did scientists find the size of the layers of the earth
shadow zones and refraction
137
p wave shadow zones
103-143 degrees
138
which waves travel through liquid
P waves
139
s wave shadow zones
greater than 103 degrees
