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GEOLOGY > FEB 29 > Flashcards

FEB 29 Flashcards

1
Q

the ring of fire in on a

A

plate boundary

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2
Q

what is an earthquake

A

a rapid release of energy

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3
Q

hypocenter def

A

focus, is the location where the fault slip occurs, it usually on fault surface

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4
Q

epicenter def

A

a land surface directly above the hypocenter, maps often portray the location of epicenters

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5
Q

hypocenter is _____ ground

A

below

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6
Q

epicenter is ______ ground

A

above

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7
Q

faults are

A

planar breaks in the earths crust

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8
Q

footwall is the

A

block below the fault

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9
Q

hanging wall is the

A

block above the fault

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10
Q

the fault scarp is

A

the chunk of rock that is exposed after a fault

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11
Q

the footwall moves ____ in relation to the headwall (in a regular fault)

A

rises up

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12
Q

the headwall moves ___ in relation to the
footwall (in a regular fault)

A

falls down

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13
Q

in a reverse fault the hanging wall moves _ in relation to the footwall

A

rises up

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14
Q

types of reverse faults

A

regular reverse fault
thrust fault
strike slip fault

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15
Q

strike slip faults tend to be

A

more vertical

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16
Q

to types of strike slip faults

A

right lateral fault
left lateral fault

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17
Q

the displacement of a strike slip fault is

A

how much this particular earthquake shifted the land surface

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18
Q

the displacement of a normal/reverse fault can be measured by the

A

length of the fault scarp

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19
Q

active faults generate

A

earthquakes

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20
Q

inactive faults aren’t

A

likely to slip

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21
Q

the cobequid-chedabucto fault system is

A

an inactive fault

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22
Q

active faults generate at

A

plate boundaries
collision zones and rifts

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23
Q

how do faults form

A

tectonic forces add stress (pull, push, or shear) to rock

as stress is added to a rock it ends slightly without breaking (elastic strain)

stored elastic energy is released all at once, creating an earthquake

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24
Q

when the stress on a rock is greater than the friction keeping it in place

A

a fault slip happens

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25
Q

p waves are also called

A

pressure waves

26
Q

L waves are

A

s waves that intersect the land surface

27
Q

R waves are

A

p waves that intersect with the land surface

28
Q

R waves are also called

A

rayleigh waves

29
Q

L waves are also called

A

Love waves

30
Q

s waves are also called

A

shear waves

31
Q

to measure earthquake waves we use a

A

seismograph

32
Q

earthquake scale is measured in what two ways

A

the severity of the damage (intensity)

amplitude of waves at a given distance (magnitude)

33
Q

issues with the intensity scale of earthquakes is

A

subjective and often misreported

34
Q

in a richter scale amplitude is measured by

A

amplitude of the largest s waves 100km from the epicenter

35
Q

p waves move faster and are picked up by seismographs

A

first

36
Q

the time between P and S waves tell you

A

how far away the epicenter is

37
Q

the MW magnitude scale is not

A

linear
its also not the richter scale

38
Q

chile 1960 earthquake was

A

the largest ever recorded
MW amount 9.5

39
Q

divergent mid ocean ridges cause what kinds of fault

A

strike slip faulting and normal faulting

40
Q

convergent plate boundaries cause what kinds of fault

A

normal faults
reverse faults
megathrust faults

41
Q

dangerous earthquakes are how deep

A

shallow

42
Q

convergent plate boundaries have how deep earthquake

A

shallow
intermediate
deep

43
Q

continental transform boundaries cause what kind faults

A

strike slip faults

44
Q

continent rifts cause what kind of faults

A

normal faults

45
Q

in orogenic crustal compression (mountain building) what kinds of faults occur

A

normal faults
megathrustal faults
strike slip faults
reverse faults

46
Q

s waves cause buildings to have a

A

back and forth motion

47
Q

p waves cause buildings to have a

A

up and down motion

48
Q

R waves and L waves are ____ dangerous than P and S waves

A

more

49
Q

on loose sediment earthquakes can induce

A

landslides and avalanches

50
Q

liquefaction happens when

A

an earthquake causes waterlogged sand to become a quicksand

51
Q

undersea faulting can be dangerous to coastal communities when it forms a

A

tsunami

52
Q

faults cause tsunamis by

A

lifting up the water on the headwall causing a water ripple effect that is a massive wave

53
Q

as tsunamis get closer to the shore

A

they grow larger

54
Q

tsunamis travel at what speed

A

up to 800km/h

55
Q

tsunamis have a wavelength of

A

10s-100s of kilometers

56
Q

tsunamis have a ___ wave height

A

low typically under a 100ft

57
Q

highest tsunami ever was how tall

A

1700 ft
in alaska

58
Q

indonesia 2004 earthquake specs

A

9.3 MW
subduction zone
230,000 dead
caused a tsunami
moved sea floor by 10’s of cm

59
Q

haiti 2010 earthquake specs

A

7.0 MW
strike slip
230,000 dead
no tsunami
caribbean plate sudbucted beneath the american plate

60
Q

japan 2011 earthquake specs

A

9.0 MW
megathrust
philippine, eurasian and pacific plate
tsunami caused nuclear reactor failure fukushima
20000 deaths

61
Q

turkey 2023 earthquake specs

A

anatolian, indian , eurasian and arabian plates

62
Q
A

GEOLOGY (12 decks)

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