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AMT MT Exam > Review Cards - Molecular Diagnostics > Flashcards

Review Cards - Molecular Diagnostics Flashcards

1
Q

DNA & ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Nucleus acid

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2
Q

Nucleic acid that carries genetic information; in eukaryotes, located in chromosomes in nucleus & small amount in mitochondria; also present in bacteria & DNA viruses

A

DNA

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3
Q

Double-stranded DNA

A

dsDNA

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4
Q

Single-stranded DNA

A

ssDNA

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5
Q

DNA in chromosomes

A

Genomic DNA

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6
Q

Circular piece of DNA found in mitochondria of eukaryotes; codes for polypeptides involved in oxidative phosphorylation; transmitted by maternal inheritance (mitochondria in ova, not sperm); used in forensics, lineage & population studies

A

Mitochondrial DNA

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7
Q

Piece of coiled DNA containing many genes; humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes; 1 set from mother, 1 from father; 22 pairs of autosomes, 1 pair sex chromosomes (X,Y)

A

Chromosome

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8
Q

Specific sequence of nucleotides (1,000-4,000) at particular location on chromosome; starts at 5’ end with promoter region that initiates transcription & ends at 3’ end with terminator sequence that ends transcription

A

Gene

-humans have about 30,000 genes
-DNA sequence in genes is 99.9% the same in all people

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9
Q

DNA sequences on chromosomes that code for amino acids/proteins

A

Exons

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10
Q

Noncoding regions between exons

A

introns

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11
Q

all hereditary information for an individual

A

genome

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12
Q

relationship between sequence of bases in DNA or its RNA transcript & sequence of amino acids in proteins

A

genetic code

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13
Q

nucleic acid that converts genetic information from DNA into specific proteins; some has regulatory and structural function; present in nucleus & in cytoplasm where it’s associated with ribosomes (free or attached to ER); source of genetic information in retroviruses

A

RNA

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14
Q

pentose sugar with nitrogen base attached; dephosphorylated nucleotide; adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, thymidine

A

nucleoside

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15
Q

building blocks of DNA & RNA; a pentose sugar with nitrogen base attached to 1’C & 1-3 phosphate groups attached to 5’C; nucleotide sequences always written in 5’ to 3’ direction, e.g., 5’ATCGAACAGTAC3’

A

nucleotide

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16
Q

sugar with 5 carbons (C); carbons are numbered 1’-5’ starting with the carbon to the right of oxygen & going clockwise; superscript (prime) differentiates carbons in sugar from carbons in bases, which are numbered 1-9

A

pentose

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17
Q

5-carbon sugar found in RNA

A

ribose

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18
Q

5-carbon sugar found in DNA; similar to ribose, but with one less oxygen

A

deoxyribose

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19
Q

carbon-nitrogen ring structures attached to 1’ carbon of sugar in DNA & RNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), & uracil (U);

A

nitrogen bases

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20
Q

Nitrogen bases in DNA

A

A, G, C, T

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21
Q

Nitrogen bases in RNA

A

A, G, C, U

-U is similar to T in DNA, except it lacks a methyl group

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22
Q

purine from 1 strand of nucleic acid& pyrimidine from another strand joined by hydrogen bonds; A forms 2 H bonds with T or U; G forms 3 H bones with C

A

base pairs

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23
Q

opposite or partner base in base pair, e.g., A is complementary to T or U; G is complementary to C

A

complementary

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24
Q

nitrogen bases with single C-N ring (C, T, U)

A

pyrimidine

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25
Q

nitrogen bases with 2 C-N rings (A, G)

A

purine

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26
Q

bonds that join nucleotides in nucleic acid; 5’ phosphate group of 1 sugar attaches to 3’ hydroxyl group of adjacent sugar; a molecule of H2O splits off

A

phosphodiester bonds

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27
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA - DNA - function

A

carries genetic information, serves as template for synthesis of RNA

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28
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA - DNA - location

A

nucleus (except mitochondrial DNA)

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29
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA - DNA - composition

A

repeating nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds between 5’ phosphate group of 1 sugar & 3’ hydroxyl group of next

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30
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA - DNA - sugar

A

deoxyribose

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31
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA - DNA - pyrimidines

A

C, T

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32
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA - DNA - purines

A

A, G

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33
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA - RNA - function

A

-converts genetic information from DNA into proteins
-some has regulatory or structural function
-source of genetic information in RNA viruses

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34
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA - RNA - location

A

nucleus & cytoplasm

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35
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA - RNA - composition

A

repeating nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds between 5’ phosphate group of 1 sugar & 3’ hydroxyl group of next

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36
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA - RNA - sugar

A

ribose

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37
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA - RNA - pyrimidines

A

C, U

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38
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA - RNA - purines

A

A, G

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39
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA - DNA - usual structure

A

-double stranded
-each strand has 5’ end (phosphate group attached to 5’C) & 3’ end (OH group attached to 3’C)
-strands are antiparallel, i.e., one in 3’ to 5’ direction, other 5’-3’
-2 strands coil around each other to form double helix with alternating sugar & P groups on exterior & bases on interior
-strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases

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40
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA - DNA - usual structure

A

-single stranded
-shorter than DNA
-irregular 3D structure

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41
Q

Nitrogen bases - Purines - DNA & RNA

A

A, G

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42
Q

Nitrogen bases - pyrimidines - DNA & RNA

A

C

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43
Q

Nitrogen bases - pyrimidines - DNA only

A

T

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44
Q

Nitrogen bases - pyrimidines - RNA only

A

U

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45
Q

Nitrogen bases - base pairing - DNA & RNA

A

G-C

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46
Q

Nitrogen bases - base pairing - DNA only

A

A-T

47
Q

Nitrogen bases - base pairing - RNA only

A

A-U

48
Q

Nitrogen bases - # of H bonds in base pair - DNA & RNA

A

3

49
Q

Nitrogen bases - # of H bonds in base pair - DNA only

A

2

50
Q

Nitrogen bases - # of H bonds in base pair - RNA only

A

2

51
Q

Nucleotides - base - adenine:
-sugar:
-phosphates:
-nucleotide:

A

Sugar: ribose

Phosphates - Nucleotide:
1 - adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
2 - adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
3 - adenosine triphosphate (ATP

52
Q

Nucleotides - base - guanine:
-sugar:
-phosphates:
-nucleotide:

A

Sugar: ribose

Phosphates - Nucleotide:
1 - guanosine monophosphate (GMP)
2 - guanosine diphosphate
(GDP)
3 - guanosine triphosphate (GTP)

53
Q

Nucleotides - base - cytosine:
-sugar:
-phosphates:
-nucleotide:

A

Sugar: ribose

Phosphates - Nucleotide:
1 - cytidine monophosphate (CMP)
2 - cytidine diphosphate (CDP)
3 - cytidine triphosphate (CTP)

54
Q

Nucleotides - base - uracil:
-sugar:
-phosphates:
-nucleotide:

A

Sugar: ribose

Phosphates - Nucleotide:
1 - uridine monophosphate (UMP)
2 - uridine diphosphate (UDP)
3 - uridine triphosphate (UTP)

55
Q

Nucleotides - base - adenine (DNA):
-sugar:
-phosphates:
-nucleotide:

A

Sugar: doxyribose

Phosphates - Nucleotide:
1 - deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP)
2 - deoxyadenosine diphosphate (dADP)
3 - deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP)

56
Q

Nucleotides - base - guanine (DNA):
-sugar:
-phosphates:
-nucleotide:

A

Sugar: deoxyribose

Phosphates - Nucleotide:
1 - deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP)
2 - deoxyguanosine diphosphate (dGDP)
3 - deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP)

57
Q

Nucleotides - base - cytosine (DNA):
-sugar:
-phosphates:
-nucleotide:

A

Sugar: deoxyribose

Phosphates - Nucleotide:
1 - deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP)
2 - deoxycytidine diphosphate (dCDP)
3 - deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP)

58
Q

Nucleotides - base - thymine (DNA):
-sugar:
-phosphates:
-nucleotide:

A

Sugar: deoxyribose

Phosphates - Nucleotide:
1 - deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP)
2 - deoxythymidine diphosphate (dTDP)
3 - deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP)

59
Q

reproduction of DNA during cell division

A

replication

60
Q

newly synthesized strand of DNA consists of 1 strand of original DNA & new daughter strand; original DNA is conserved

A

semiconservative replication

61
Q

newly synthesized strand of DNA consists of 1 strand of original DNA & new daughter strand; original DNA is conserved

A

semiconservative replication

62
Q

enzyme that unwinds section of DNA by breaking bases’ hydrogen bonds to form 2 single-stranded templates for replication

A

helicase

63
Q

location where double stranded DNA (dsDNA) separates into single stranded DNA (ssDNA) & synthesis of DNA begins

A

replication fork

64
Q

strand of DNA that serves as pattern for new strand of DNA or RNA

A

template

65
Q

RNA polymerase that synthesizes RNA primers needed to initiate replication

A

primase

66
Q

segment of RNA formed on DNA template to start replication; provides 3’OH needed for phosphodiester bond formation with incoming nucleotide

A

RNA primer

67
Q

enzyme that synthesizes daughter DNA by reading code on DNA template; can only synthesize DNA from 5’ end to 3’ end because 3’OH needed to receive incoming nucleotides & form phosphodiester bonds; can only extend a nucleotide chain; can’t start one; needs primer to start

A

DNA polymerase

68
Q

synthesis of daughter strand of DNA from 3’-5’ target strand; DNA polymerase proceeds in linear fashion, assembling series of joined nucleotides in leading strand

A

continuous synthesis

69
Q

synthesis of daughter strand of DNA from 5’-3’ target strand; DNA polymerase must read target in 3’ to 5’ direction, so must proceed in nonlinear fashion, reading a section, assembling appropriate nucleotides, then moving back upstream to read another section in 3’ to 5’ direction; new strand called lagging strand; consists of unconnected DNA fragments called Okazaki fragments separated by RNA primers

A

discontinuous synthesis

70
Q

daughter strand synthesized continuously from 3’-5’ template

A

leading strand

71
Q

daughter strand synthesized discontinuously from 5’-3’ template

A

lagging strand

72
Q

short fragments of unconnected DNA formed during replication of 5’-3’ template

A

Okazaki fragments

73
Q

enzyme that removes RNA primers from daughter strands of DNA

A

RNase H

74
Q

enzyme that joins DNA fragments together

A

ligase

75
Q

DNA replication - helicase unwinds section of dsDNA to form replication forks; both original strands will serve as templates; replication will proceed simultaneously on both strands, in opposite directions

A

strand separation

76
Q

DNA replication - primase reads section of code on DNA, attaches complementary nucleotides to form RNA primer that provides 3’OH end needed to grow nucleotide chain

A

synthesis of primers

77
Q

DNA replication - DNA polymerase reads template, attaches complementary nucleotides starting at 3’OH of primer; code is read in 3’-5’ direction; synthesis of 3’-5’ template is continuous, forming leading strand; synthesis on 5’-3’ template is discontinuous, forming lagging strand of disconnected Okazaki fragments

A

extension of primers

78
Q

DNA replication - RNase H removes RNA primers

A

removal of primers

79
Q

DNA replication - DNA polymerase places nucleotides where primers used to be

A

replacement of primers

80
Q

DNA replication - DNA ligase joins DNA fragments together

A

joining of Okazaki fragments

81
Q

Primer extension - template DNA: 3’ AGCA 5’
-daughter strand:
-polymerase reads:
-phosphodiester bond:

A

-daughter strand: 5’ TCGT 3’
-polymerase reads: template in 3’ to 5’ direction; new strand grows in 5’ to 3’ direction
-5’P of incoming nucleotide attaches to 3’OH of last nucleotide on strand, forming phosphodiester bond

82
Q

Discontinuous synthesis of DNA on lagging strand - template DNA:
5’ AGCTTGAC 3’
-daughter strand:
-first pass:
-second pass:

A

-daughter strand:
3’ TCGAACTG 5’

-first pass: polymerase reads positions 4 to 1 on template - TCGA, assembles AGCT on daughter strand

-second pass: polymerase reads positions 8 to 5 on template - CAGT, assembles GTCA on daughter strand

83
Q

synthesis of specific proteins based on DNA code

A

gene expression

84
Q

RNA that transcribes DNA code in nucleus & carries it to cytoplasm where it’s translated into protein; about 1-2% of total cellular RNA

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

85
Q

RNA associated with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

86
Q

RNA that reads code in mRNA & transports amino acids to growing polypeptide chain

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

87
Q

tiny regulatory RNAs involved in control of gene expression

A

micro RNA (miRNA)

88
Q

conversion of genetic information from DNA into complementary strand of mRNA; if DNA sequence is AGCT, mRNA sequence will be UCGA

A

transcription

89
Q

strand of DNA that doesn’t serve as template for synthesis of mRNA; its sequence is same as mRNA that is translated into protein (except it has T where RNA has U)

A

sense strand

90
Q

strand of DNA that serves as template for synthesis of mRNA

A

antisense strand

91
Q

region of DNA that binds RNA polymerase, initiating transcription

A

promoter

92
Q

3 nucleotides that code for an amino acid, e.g., GCC codes for alanine

A

codon

93
Q

How many codons code for 21 amino acids?

A

64

94
Q

How many codons does each amino acid have?

A

2-6 for each, except methionine & tryptophan which only have 1

95
Q

AUG, codes for methionine

A

start codon

96
Q

UAA, UAG, UGA; not associated with any amino acid; signal to stop protein synthesis

A

termination codons

97
Q

3-nucleotide sequence on tRNA that attaches to codon on mRNA, bringing with it specified amino acids

A

anticodon

98
Q

organelles in cytoplasm & on surface of rough ER; made of tRNA & protein; site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

99
Q

Protein synthesis:
1. RNA polymerase binds to promoter region of gene.
2. DNA separates into 2 single strands
3. RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to produce strand of mRNA; if DNA sequence is 3’ ATTCGA 5’, mRNA will be 5’ UAAGCU 3’
4. mRNA is released from DNA
5. DNA strands reanneal.

A

Transcription

100
Q

Protein synthesis:
1. mRNA associates with ribosomes in cytoplasm
2. ribosome moves along mRNA, reading genetic code; always begins with codon AUG
3. tRNA with complementary 3-nucleotide sequence (anticodon) attaches to codon on mRNA, bringing with it amino acid specified by codon, e.g., anticodon UAC on tRNA attaches to codon AUG on mRNA, bringing with it amino acid methionine
4. as ribosome moves along mRNA, other tRNAs bring in other amino acids
5. peptide bonds form between amino acids
6. process continues until ribosome reaches stop codon
7. protein is released

A

translation

101
Q

analysis of DNA & RNA; nucleic acid testing (NAT)

A

molecular diagnostics (MDx)

102
Q

isolation of DNA/RNA from other cellular components

A

extraction

103
Q

enzyme that degrades RNA; ubiquitous in environment

A

RNase

104
Q

enzyme that degrades DNA

A

DNase

105
Q

specific section of DNA under investigation

A

target

106
Q

pairing of complementary strands of nucleic acid, 1 from sample & 1 a reagent; resulting hybrids can be DNA:DNA, DNA:RNA, or RNA:RNA

A

hybridization

107
Q

product of hybridization

A

hybrid

108
Q

stability of bonding during hybridization; based on degree of match & base composition; influenced by temperature, pH, & salt concentration; increased temperature, decreased salt ensure only most perfectly matched strands will remain paired

A

stringency

109
Q

short strand of DNA or RNA with known base sequence

A

nucleic acid probe

110
Q

Blood collection tubes for MDx - lavender:
-content:
-use:

A

content: EDTA

use: isolation of DNA & detection of viruses

111
Q

Blood collection tubes for MDx - white:
-content:
-use:

A

content: K2EDTA & gel barrier

use: isolation of plasma; gel forms barrier between plasma & cells

112
Q

Blood collection tubes for MDx - blue/black:
-content:
-use:

A

content: sodium citrate, gel, density gradient fluid

use: isolation of mononuclear cells; gel forms barrier between mononuclears in plasma & RBCs/granulocytes

113
Q

Blood collection tubes for MDx - yellow:
-content:
-use:

A

content: acid citrate dextrose (ACD)

use: enhanced recovery of WBCs for several days after collection

114
Q

Blood collection tubes for MDx - green:
-content:
-use:

A

content: heparin

use: generally not recommended; heparin inhibits polymerase; unacceptable for testing that involves PCR

AMT MT Exam (12 decks)

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