Review Block 1 (pt2) Flashcards
1
Q
what inhibits IL-6?
A
leptin
2
Q
adipose tissue in this area can produce IL-6?
A
intraperitoneal fat
3
Q
what kind of cartilage is this?
A
hyaline cartilage
4
Q
what kind of cartilage is this?
A
fibrocartilage
5
Q
fibrocartilage has what kind of collagen? how does it stain?
A
type 1 and eosinophillic
6
Q
what type of collagen is hyaline cartilage? how does it stain?
A
type 2, basophillic
7
Q
what is the organic part of bone?
A
hydroxyapatite and canaliculi
8
Q
what is the inorganic part of bone?
A
collagen type 1
9
Q
how does skeletal muscle contract?
A
strong, quick, discontinuous, voluntary
10
Q
how are cardiac muscle contraction?
A
strong, quick, continuous, involuntary
11
Q
how are smooth muscle contractions?
A
slow, weak, involuntary
12
Q
what holds skeletal cells together?
A
dystrophin
13
Q
in what part of skeletal muscle are fibroblasts?
A
endomysium
14
Q
what is this?
A
cardiac muscle
15
Q
what is this?
A
skeletal muscle
16
Q
what is this?
A
smooth muscle
17
Q
what do we find in the M line? and in the I band?
A
myosin; actin
18
Q
how does a skeletal contraction happen?
A
1) motor neuron releases ACh
2) ACh binds to receptor
3) Na channel opens, Na rushes out
4) Wave of depolarization in sarcolemma
5) wave passes into cell via T tubules
6) triggers release of Ca ++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
7) Ca 2+ causes interactions between myosin and actin causing contraction
8) Ca 2+ gets pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum to stop contraction
19
Q
where is dystrophin?
A
under skeletal muscle
20
Q
why do duchenne and beckers happen?
A
mutation in dystrophin gene
21
Q
what is the cardiac node that depolarizes fastest?
A
SA node because its the leakeast
22
Q
What do sympathetics do to the contractions in the heart?
A
it increases them
23
Q
What do para-sympathetics do to the contractions in the heart?
A
decreases them
24
Q
why is the functional syncytium important in the heart?
A
because due to the intercalated disks, when one cell depolarizes the rest follow
25
do smooth muscle have striations?
what about t tubule system?
what creates a functional syncytium in smooth muscle cells?
no
no
gap junctions
26
what is myasthenia gravis?
when immune system blocks nicotinic ACh receptors and impede contractions
27
what can cause myasthenia gravis?
de-involuted thymus
28
how do you treat myasthenia gravis?
immuno suppresants and ACh esterase inhibitor
29
what is this?
what are basophillic part around nucleus?
neuron
nissle bodies
30
do neurons have, euchromatic or heterochromatic nucleus?
euchromatic
31
nissle bodies are mostly what organelle?
RER
32
what is the yellow stuff?
how does it increase?
how does it get there?
where can it be found mostly?
lipofuscin
with age
lysosomes dont degrade some stuff
neurons
33
what are the glial cells of the CNS?
1) Oligodendrocytes
2) Astocytes
3) Microglia
34
what is the function of Astrocytes?
and of Oligodendrocytes?
what about Microglia?
Astro = blood brain barrier; regulate environment
Oligo = myelination
Micro = macrophages; line ventricular system
35
what are the glial cells of PNS?
Schwann cells
Satellite cells
36
What do satellite cells do?
and schwann cells?
satellite = astrocytes; regulate environment
schwann = myelination
37
what is this?
astrocytes
38
How are astrocytes visualized?
What do they contain?
immunohistochemistry
GFAP
39
what type of junction does the blood brain barrier have?
tight junctions
40
what is this?
astrocyte
41
what is this?
astrocyte
42
what is this?
astrocyte
43
what is this?
is it in CNS or PNS?
oligodendrocyte
CNS
44
what is this?
microglia
45
what are these cells and what do they release?
ependymal cells releasing CSF
46
what are the small brown cells surrounding the pink ones?
satellite cells
47
what is the resting membrane potential?
-70mv
48
when do Na channels open?
at -40 mv
49
when do Na channels close?
50+mv
50
when do K+ channels open?
+50mv
51
when do K+ channels close?
-90mv
52
when does a neuronal vesicle excreted?
when there is influx of Ca 2+
53
what is Multiple Sclerosis?
demyelination disorder in CNS due to autoimmune attack of myelin
54
what is this?
schwann cell
55
in Parkinsons disease, what is there accumulation of? what does it lead to?
what is degraded, where?
alpha synuclein, leads to lewy bodies
dopamine in sustancia nigra
56
what is this?
lewy body in Parkinsons
57
where is the CSF?
in the subarachnoid space
58
where does the CSF drain through?
arachnoid villi
59
where is CSF produced?
ependymal cells of choroid villi
60
where is this, autonomic or spinal ganglia?
this is autonomic
| (its irregular and with lipofuscin)
61
where is this, autonomic or dorsal root (spinal) ganglia?
dorsal root (spinal) ganglia
| (perfectly round)
62
what neurons can regenerate?
peripheral neurons
63
ACh is neurotransmitter for?
preganglionic (nicotinic)
post-parasympathetic (muscarinic)
64
Norepinephrine is neurotransmitter of?
post-sympathetic
65
the adrenergic receptor: Nor-epinephrine alpha 1 does...?
vasoconstriction
sphincter contraction
dilate pupils
66
the adrenergic receptor: epinephrine beta 1 does?
What about epinephrine beta 2?
increase cardiac output, release sweat
open airways
67
what is this?
mammary gland
68
breast cancer will come from what epithelium in mammary gland?
glandular epithelium
69
What does thymus do?
remove self-reactive lymphocytes because they can cause a autoimmune response
70
what cell of lymphatic system are produced in bone marrow?
all defensive cells
71
what is this?
lymphocyte
72
what is this?
lymphocyte
73
what are the cells that come from B lymphocytes?
1. Plasma cells
2. Natural Killers
3. Macrophages
74
What are the cells of the lymphatic system?
T lymphocytes
CD 8 (cytotoxic cells) (MHC 1)
CD4 (helper cells) (MHC 2)
75
what are the 5 antibodies? What do they do?
1. Ig G - in blood
2. Ig A - in secretions
3. Ig M - in b cells
4. Ig E - mast cell degranulation
5. Ig D - b cell receptor
76
What is this tissue?
thymus
77
Where are T cells formed and eliminated?
thymus
78
Where will there be weakness in myasthenia gravis?
eye muscles
79
what cells does the respiratory epithelium have?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
80
what cells do we find on the respiratory epithelium?
goblet cells
cilia
81
What does the trachea have?
cartilage band
seromucous glands
linear epithelium
82
what does the bronchus have?
cartilage segments
little smooth muscle
folded epithelium
83
what does the bronchiole have?
folded epithelium
complete ring of smooth muscle
no cartilage
84
what does terminal bronchiole have?
cuboidal epithelium
few goblet cells
clara cells
85
which is the trachea and which is the esophagus? where is the cartilage?
86
what is this?
bronchiole
87
what is this?
terminal bronchiole
88
what are these?
clara cells
89
what do clara cells secrete?
surfactant
90
Where is this and what are the pointer?
terminal bronchiole and pointers = clara cells bulging
91
are clara cells ciliated?
no
92
what are clara cells?
cells that produce surfactant (break down mucous)
detoxify the air
regulate inflammatory responses
93
what are the two types of alveolar cells?
type 1 alveolar cells : allow gas exchange have tight junctions
type 2 alveolar cells: produce surfactant
94
what is this?
type 2 alveolar cell
95
wha tis this?
lamellar bodies of type 2 pneumocyte
96
what is squamous metaplasia?
non cancerous
change in epithelial lining
smokers get it and vit. A deficiency
97
lung cancer can be:
non small cell :
- adenocarcinoma: serous mucous glands
- squamous cell: bronchus, hollow center
small cell carcinoma:
- highly metastatic
98
what is respiratory distress syndrome?
lack of surfactant due to type 2 pneumocyte immatureness
(early babies)
99
Cystic fibrosis, what is wrong?
chloride channel is defective
| (youll spot salty sweat)
100
whats wrong?
emphysema
101
why does emphysema happen?
you have lack of alpha 1-AT
102
what is pneumonia?
inflammed lung
capillaries become leaky(high number of neutrophils in alveoles)
103
what is this?
pneumonia
104
layers of the heart?
endocardium: simpel squamous
subendocardial- connective tissue (purkinje)
myocardium - cardiac musle
epicardium - visceral pericardum (simple cuboidal)
105
what is this?
purkinje fiber
106
heart valves have high amount of what?
elastin
107
what is the top layer?
endomysium
108
what are these?
arteries
109
arteriioles have no?
internal elastic lamina
110
what do arterioles do?
regulate flow to capillary bed
111
what is the top and what is bottom?
top vein
bttom arteriole
112
what are capillaries?
simpel tube of endothelium
place of exchange
have antithrombic function: prevent contact of platelet and collagen
113
what are continuous capillaries?
have tight junctinon
114
what are fenestrated capillaries?
allow greater exchange across endothelium
115
what are sinusoids? where are they found?
are wider, discontinous,
found in bone marrow, spleen, liver
116
vasoconstriction occurs when?
there is angiotensin
117
what is plaque?
accumulation of foam cells
occurs due to fibrosis and calcification
can cause trombus
118
how does endothelial activation occur?
adhesion of LDL receptor
can be caused due to bacteria
119
normal endothelium does not trigger what?
clot formation
120
injured endothelium triggers what?
release of prothrombotic agents
121
what are the prothrombotic agents?
van willard
plasmilogen
122
what is valvular diseas?
heart valve replaced with collagen causing calcification
