Review Block 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What does hematoxilin stain for? What color?
A
nuclei and ribosomes
Blue
2
Q
what does eosin stain?What color?
A
mitochindria
Red
3
Q
What color does PAS stain? What does it stain?
A
magenta; glycoproteins
4
Q
What does trichrome stain and what color?
A
stains collagen blue
5
Q
what does wright stain and what color?
A
stains blood methylene blue
6
Q
What does Osmium tetroxide stain?
A
stains membranes
7
Q
how does the RER look and what does it do? how does it stain?
A
it looks as folds with studded ribosomes
It glycosylates proteins
It stains blue with hematoxilin
8
Q
what does the SER do?
A
synthesis of lipids, detox (cytochrome P-450), metabolism of carbohydrates
9
Q
what is this?
A
mitochondria
10
Q
what are microtubules?
A
dimers of alpha and beta tubulin
11
Q
what do dimers of alpha and beta tubulin form? how do these bundle?
A
protofilaments; they bundle parallel to one another
12
Q
can there be elongation from the - side of a protofilament?
A
no; only from the + protofilament
13
Q
Who are the molecular motors? What are they’re directions?
A
Kinesin = towards periphery
Dynein = from periphery
14
Q
Name the intermediate filaments
Where are they found?
Give an example
A
- Tonofilaments - epithelium- keratinizing and non
- Vimentin - mesenchymal cells - mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, chondroblasts, endothelial cells
- Desmin - muscle - striated and smooth muscle
- neurofilaments - neurons - neurons
- glial filaments - glial cells - astrocytes
15
Q
undifferentiated cells have high or low mitotic activity? Is their nucleus euchromatic or heterochromatic?
A
they have high mitotic activity and their nucleus is heterochromatic
16
Q
differentiated cells have high or low mitotic activity? Is their nucleus euchromatic or heterochromatic?
A
they have low mitotic activity and their nucleus is euchromatic
17
Q
determine: nucleolus, hetero/eu-chromatin
A
white = euchromatin
dark small spots = heterochromatin
big dark spot = nucleolus
18
Q
what are the 3 apical projections?
A
- microvilli:
- cilia
- stereocilia
19
Q
how does microvilli stain? what is its function?
A
stains with PAS magenta
it helps increase surface area for absorption and secretion
20
Q
are stereocilia motile?
A
no
21
Q
are cilia motile? how are they arranged?
A
yes; they have a 9+2 conformation (9 doublets surrounding 2 central pair)
22
Q
what is this?
A
cilia
23
Q
what are the hair like structures?
A
cilia
24
Q
what are these?
A
microvilli
25
what are the common macromolecules of the ground substance?
GAG's
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
26
What are GAG's? Give example of what they can compose?
glycoaminoglycans are sugar chains with amino acids
Can be found on chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate
27
What are proteoglycans?
protein backbone with GAG's attached
28
Name 4 glycoproteins.
1. fibronectin
2. laminin
3. osteonectin
4. chondronectin
29
what is hyaluronic acid made of?
Where is it made?
where in the body can it be found?
what is its function?
non-sulfated GAG's
made in plasma membrane
it can be found in synovial fluid
it helps in cell migration
30
What is this type of collagen?
type 1
31
what is this?
collagen type 1
32
Where can collagen type 1 be found?
where can collagen type 2 be found?
where can collagen type 3 be found?
where can collagen type 4 be found?
1. skin, tendon, vaculature, organs
2. cartilage
3. reticulate fibers
4. base of cell basement membrane
33
how do elastic fibers form?
why does elastin accumulate at the center?
elastin mixes with microfibrils where the outside is composed by microfibrillin and elastin makes up the center.
elastin takes up the space in the center to retain fibrillin from the microfibrils
34
who secretes microfibirls? what is it composed of?
fibrobasts
composed of glycoprotein fibrillin
35
why
36
what is the center big dark dot?
what are the spots in the right side?
what are the tiny thin peices surrounding the center dark dot?
elastin
collagen
fibrillin
37
Why does marfan happen?
what do you see in marfans?
due to mutated fibrillin gene FBN-1
SHE
Skeletal defects = long abnormally long bones
Heart = cardiovascular disease and aortic rupture
Eyes = displacement of the lens
38
What are the intercellular junctions? What do they do?
tight - doesnt allow passage of anything
anchoring - adhere the cell to its adjacents
gap - allows passage of molecules between cells
39
which is the tight junction and which is the adhering junction?
top is occludens bottom is adherence
40
what is the function of the basal lamina?
the basement membrane separates epithelial cells from connective tissue.
Also helps to organize proteins on cell membranes and regualte differentiation
41
What type of collagen is foundin basal lamina? What protein is found in basal lamina?
type 4 and laminin
42
how are glands classified?
1. uni or multi cellular
2. duct description
3. product secreted
4. shape of adenomere
5. method of secretion
43
what types of adenomere are there? how do they differ? Give examples
1. tubular - secretory endpiece same size as duct (sweat)
2. acinar - enlarge secretory endpiece with pyramid cells (salivary)
3. alveolar - large, irregular secretory endpiece that holds product and secretes on demand (mammary)
44
what kind of gland is this?
sweat gland
45
What kind of gland is this?
salivary gland
46
what kind of gland is this?
salivary
47
what condition is happening here?
metaplasia
48
what condition is happening here?
metaplasia
49
from where does mesenchymal connective tissue come from?
mesoderm
50
What are the different connective tissues?
1. mucous
2. proper
3. special
4. adipose
5. cartilage
6. bone
51
What are the components of connective tissue?
1) cells
* resident
* transient
2) matrix:
* fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular
* ground substance: made of blood plasma with GAGS
* tissue fluid
52
What do fibroblast do?
they form collagenous, ellastic and reticular fibers of the matrix.
53
what is a reticulocyte?
connective tissue cell forming reticular fibers.
54
What does a Mast cell do?
triggers inflammation response and increases capillary permeability
causes swelling and migration of immune cells into the area
55
What does IgE do to Mast cells?
IgE receptors trigger degranulation
56
What is this?
mast cell
57
what is this?
mast cell
58
what are the two types of proper connective tissue?
1) Loose connective tissue
2) Dense connective tissue
59
Where is loose connective tissue?
What type of fiber does it contain?
is it vascular?
it underlies the epithelium
has reticular fibers
it is vascular
60
What type of collagen is found in dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?
What type of fiber do we find here?
Is it eosino or baso -phillic?
collagen type 1
we find fibroblasts
eosinophillic
61
What kind of collagen are reticular fibers?
collagen type 3
62
what stain is used to view reticular fibers?
silver stain
63
What does intraperitoneal adipose tissue produce?
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
and other inflammatory cytokines that are involved in cancer and cardiovascular disease
64
what collagen is found in hyaline cartilage?
collagen type 2
65
what does hyaline cartilage have?
aggrecan
66
where is hyaluronate made? why can it exist in the free form?
its made directly from the cell surface by an enzyme complex embedded in the plasma membrane.
Its not sulfated.
67
what is embryonic mesenchyme?
mucous connective tissue
68
are mesenchymal cells differentiated or undefferentiated?
undifferentiated
69
what is this?
mesenchymal cells un hyaluronic acid
70
what do proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins do?
they anchor cells to the ECM
71
what adhesive glycoproteins bind proteoglycans to collagen in the ECM and membrane receptors?
laminin and fibronectin
72
what kind of collagen is this?
type 1
73
what is this type of collgen?
type 1
74
why is vitamin C important?
for hydroxylation of proline and lysine
75
what condition results from vitamin c deficiency?
scurvy
76
where can collagen type 2 be found?
cartilage
77
where do you find collagen type 1?
bone, ligament, skin, vasculature
78
where do you find collagen type 4?
basal lamina
79
What condition results form mutation of elastin?
Marfans
80
what gene is affected in marfan's?
fbn-1 gene
81
how is marfans inherited?
autosoma dominant
82
what do you see in marfans?
Skeletal = diproportionated long bones, arachnodyctaly, hypermobile joints
Heart = cardiovascular problems, aortic dissection
Eyes = ectopia lentis (detachment of lens)
83
what do plasma cells do?
contain B cells lymphcytes actively synthesizing antibodies
84
what is shown by white arrows?
plasma cells
85
what kind of connective tissue is this?
mucuous
86
where is loose connective tissue found?
Give 2 characteristics of it?
under the epithelium
1) vascular
2) contains reticular fibers
87
what kind of connective tissue is this?
loose connective tissue
88
what kind of connective tissue is this?
dense irregular connective tissue
89
what kind of collagen is this? where is this photo?
type 1, bone
90
what do osteclasts do?
they store calcium
91
what do osteoblasts do?
they secrete the matrix for formation of bone
92
what kidn of muscle is this?
skeletal muscle
93
what kind of muscle tissue is this?
cardiac tissue
94
what kind of tissue is this?
smooth muscle
95
how are skeletal muscle contractions?
strong, quick, discontinuous, voluntary
96
how are cardiac muscle contraction?
strong, quick, continuous involuntary contraction
97
how is smooth muscle contractions?
weak, slow and involuntary
98
how does muscle contraction occur?
- motor neuron releases ACh at myoneural junction
- ACh binds to receptor opening Na+ channels
- occurs a wave of depolarization along sarcolemma
- wave of depolarization passes into cell through T tubules
- cell releases Calcium from sarcoplasm
- Calcium causes interaction of myosin and actin
- that causes contraction
- calsium is pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum to stop contraction
99
how does cardiac contraction occur?
- sarcoplasmic reticulum spontaneously depolarizes leading to contraction
- functional syncytium created by intercalated disks
- causes passing of depolarization from cell to cell
- autonomic innervation regulates rate of contraction
100
what cardiac node depolarizes fastest?
SA node
101
what is characteristic of smooth muscle cells?
1. have no striations
2. no sarcomeres
3. no T tubule
