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Histology Block 1 > Review Block 1 > Flashcards

Review Block 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does hematoxilin stain for? What color?

A

nuclei and ribosomes

Blue

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2
Q

what does eosin stain?What color?

A

mitochindria

Red

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3
Q

What color does PAS stain? What does it stain?

A

magenta; glycoproteins

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4
Q

What does trichrome stain and what color?

A

stains collagen blue

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5
Q

what does wright stain and what color?

A

stains blood methylene blue

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6
Q

What does Osmium tetroxide stain?

A

stains membranes

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7
Q

how does the RER look and what does it do? how does it stain?

A

it looks as folds with studded ribosomes

It glycosylates proteins

It stains blue with hematoxilin

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8
Q

what does the SER do?

A

synthesis of lipids, detox (cytochrome P-450), metabolism of carbohydrates

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9
Q

what is this?

A

mitochondria

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10
Q

what are microtubules?

A

dimers of alpha and beta tubulin

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11
Q

what do dimers of alpha and beta tubulin form? how do these bundle?

A

protofilaments; they bundle parallel to one another

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12
Q

can there be elongation from the - side of a protofilament?

A

no; only from the + protofilament

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13
Q

Who are the molecular motors? What are they’re directions?

A

Kinesin = towards periphery

Dynein = from periphery

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14
Q

Name the intermediate filaments

Where are they found?

Give an example

A
  1. Tonofilaments - epithelium- keratinizing and non
  2. Vimentin - mesenchymal cells - mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, chondroblasts, endothelial cells
  3. Desmin - muscle - striated and smooth muscle
  4. neurofilaments - neurons - neurons
  5. glial filaments - glial cells - astrocytes
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15
Q

undifferentiated cells have high or low mitotic activity? Is their nucleus euchromatic or heterochromatic?

A

they have high mitotic activity and their nucleus is heterochromatic

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16
Q

differentiated cells have high or low mitotic activity? Is their nucleus euchromatic or heterochromatic?

A

they have low mitotic activity and their nucleus is euchromatic

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17
Q

determine: nucleolus, hetero/eu-chromatin

A

white = euchromatin

dark small spots = heterochromatin

big dark spot = nucleolus

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18
Q

what are the 3 apical projections?

A
  1. microvilli:
  2. cilia
  3. stereocilia
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19
Q

how does microvilli stain? what is its function?

A

stains with PAS magenta

it helps increase surface area for absorption and secretion

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20
Q

are stereocilia motile?

A

no

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21
Q

are cilia motile? how are they arranged?

A

yes; they have a 9+2 conformation (9 doublets surrounding 2 central pair)

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22
Q

what is this?

A

cilia

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23
Q

what are the hair like structures?

A

cilia

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24
Q

what are these?

A

microvilli

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25
Q

what are the common macromolecules of the ground substance?

A

GAG’s

Proteoglycans

Glycoproteins

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26
Q

What are GAG’s? Give example of what they can compose?

A

glycoaminoglycans are sugar chains with amino acids

Can be found on chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate

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27
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

protein backbone with GAG’s attached

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28
Q

Name 4 glycoproteins.

A
  1. fibronectin
  2. laminin
  3. osteonectin
  4. chondronectin
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29
Q

what is hyaluronic acid made of?

Where is it made?

where in the body can it be found?

what is its function?

A

non-sulfated GAG’s

made in plasma membrane

it can be found in synovial fluid

it helps in cell migration

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30
Q

What is this type of collagen?

A

type 1

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31
Q

what is this?

A

collagen type 1

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32
Q

Where can collagen type 1 be found?

where can collagen type 2 be found?

where can collagen type 3 be found?

where can collagen type 4 be found?

A
  1. skin, tendon, vaculature, organs
  2. cartilage
  3. reticulate fibers
  4. base of cell basement membrane
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33
Q

how do elastic fibers form?

why does elastin accumulate at the center?

A

elastin mixes with microfibrils where the outside is composed by microfibrillin and elastin makes up the center.

elastin takes up the space in the center to retain fibrillin from the microfibrils

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34
Q

who secretes microfibirls? what is it composed of?

A

fibrobasts

composed of glycoprotein fibrillin

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35
Q

why

A
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36
Q

what is the center big dark dot?

what are the spots in the right side?

what are the tiny thin peices surrounding the center dark dot?

A

elastin

collagen

fibrillin

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37
Q

Why does marfan happen?

what do you see in marfans?

A

due to mutated fibrillin gene FBN-1

SHE

Skeletal defects = long abnormally long bones

Heart = cardiovascular disease and aortic rupture

Eyes = displacement of the lens

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38
Q

What are the intercellular junctions? What do they do?

A

tight - doesnt allow passage of anything

anchoring - adhere the cell to its adjacents

gap - allows passage of molecules between cells

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39
Q

which is the tight junction and which is the adhering junction?

A

top is occludens bottom is adherence

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40
Q

what is the function of the basal lamina?

A

the basement membrane separates epithelial cells from connective tissue.

Also helps to organize proteins on cell membranes and regualte differentiation

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41
Q

What type of collagen is foundin basal lamina? What protein is found in basal lamina?

A

type 4 and laminin

42
Q

how are glands classified?

A
  1. uni or multi cellular
  2. duct description
  3. product secreted
  4. shape of adenomere
  5. method of secretion
43
Q

what types of adenomere are there? how do they differ? Give examples

A
  1. tubular - secretory endpiece same size as duct (sweat)
  2. acinar - enlarge secretory endpiece with pyramid cells (salivary)
  3. alveolar - large, irregular secretory endpiece that holds product and secretes on demand (mammary)
44
Q

what kind of gland is this?

A

sweat gland

45
Q

What kind of gland is this?

A

salivary gland

46
Q

what kind of gland is this?

A

salivary

47
Q

what condition is happening here?

A

metaplasia

48
Q

what condition is happening here?

A

metaplasia

49
Q

from where does mesenchymal connective tissue come from?

A

mesoderm

50
Q

What are the different connective tissues?

A
  1. mucous
  2. proper
  3. special
  4. adipose
  5. cartilage
  6. bone
51
Q

What are the components of connective tissue?

A

1) cells

  • resident
  • transient

2) matrix:

  • fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular
  • ground substance: made of blood plasma with GAGS
  • tissue fluid
52
Q

What do fibroblast do?

A

they form collagenous, ellastic and reticular fibers of the matrix.

53
Q

what is a reticulocyte?

A

connective tissue cell forming reticular fibers.

54
Q

What does a Mast cell do?

A

triggers inflammation response and increases capillary permeability

causes swelling and migration of immune cells into the area

55
Q

What does IgE do to Mast cells?

A

IgE receptors trigger degranulation

56
Q

What is this?

A

mast cell

57
Q

what is this?

A

mast cell

58
Q

what are the two types of proper connective tissue?

A

1) Loose connective tissue
2) Dense connective tissue

59
Q

Where is loose connective tissue?

What type of fiber does it contain?

is it vascular?

A

it underlies the epithelium

has reticular fibers

it is vascular

60
Q

What type of collagen is found in dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?

What type of fiber do we find here?

Is it eosino or baso -phillic?

A

collagen type 1

we find fibroblasts

eosinophillic

61
Q

What kind of collagen are reticular fibers?

A

collagen type 3

62
Q

what stain is used to view reticular fibers?

A

silver stain

63
Q

What does intraperitoneal adipose tissue produce?

A

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

and other inflammatory cytokines that are involved in cancer and cardiovascular disease

64
Q

what collagen is found in hyaline cartilage?

A

collagen type 2

65
Q

what does hyaline cartilage have?

A

aggrecan

66
Q

where is hyaluronate made? why can it exist in the free form?

A

its made directly from the cell surface by an enzyme complex embedded in the plasma membrane.

Its not sulfated.

67
Q

what is embryonic mesenchyme?

A

mucous connective tissue

68
Q

are mesenchymal cells differentiated or undefferentiated?

A

undifferentiated

69
Q

what is this?

A

mesenchymal cells un hyaluronic acid

70
Q

what do proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins do?

A

they anchor cells to the ECM

71
Q

what adhesive glycoproteins bind proteoglycans to collagen in the ECM and membrane receptors?

A

laminin and fibronectin

72
Q

what kind of collagen is this?

A

type 1

73
Q

what is this type of collgen?

A

type 1

74
Q

why is vitamin C important?

A

for hydroxylation of proline and lysine

75
Q

what condition results from vitamin c deficiency?

A

scurvy

76
Q

where can collagen type 2 be found?

A

cartilage

77
Q

where do you find collagen type 1?

A

bone, ligament, skin, vasculature

78
Q

where do you find collagen type 4?

A

basal lamina

79
Q

What condition results form mutation of elastin?

A

Marfans

80
Q

what gene is affected in marfan’s?

A

fbn-1 gene

81
Q

how is marfans inherited?

A

autosoma dominant

82
Q

what do you see in marfans?

A

Skeletal = diproportionated long bones, arachnodyctaly, hypermobile joints

Heart = cardiovascular problems, aortic dissection

Eyes = ectopia lentis (detachment of lens)

83
Q

what do plasma cells do?

A

contain B cells lymphcytes actively synthesizing antibodies

84
Q

what is shown by white arrows?

A

plasma cells

85
Q

what kind of connective tissue is this?

A

mucuous

86
Q

where is loose connective tissue found?

Give 2 characteristics of it?

A

under the epithelium

1) vascular
2) contains reticular fibers

87
Q

what kind of connective tissue is this?

A

loose connective tissue

88
Q

what kind of connective tissue is this?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

89
Q

what kind of collagen is this? where is this photo?

A

type 1, bone

90
Q

what do osteclasts do?

A

they store calcium

91
Q

what do osteoblasts do?

A

they secrete the matrix for formation of bone

92
Q

what kidn of muscle is this?

A

skeletal muscle

93
Q

what kind of muscle tissue is this?

A

cardiac tissue

94
Q

what kind of tissue is this?

A

smooth muscle

95
Q

how are skeletal muscle contractions?

A

strong, quick, discontinuous, voluntary

96
Q

how are cardiac muscle contraction?

A

strong, quick, continuous involuntary contraction

97
Q

how is smooth muscle contractions?

A

weak, slow and involuntary

98
Q

how does muscle contraction occur?

A
  • motor neuron releases ACh at myoneural junction
  • ACh binds to receptor opening Na+ channels
  • occurs a wave of depolarization along sarcolemma
  • wave of depolarization passes into cell through T tubules
  • cell releases Calcium from sarcoplasm
  • Calcium causes interaction of myosin and actin
  • that causes contraction
  • calsium is pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum to stop contraction
99
Q

how does cardiac contraction occur?

A
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum spontaneously depolarizes leading to contraction
  • functional syncytium created by intercalated disks
  • causes passing of depolarization from cell to cell
  • autonomic innervation regulates rate of contraction
100
Q

what cardiac node depolarizes fastest?

A

SA node

101
Q

what is characteristic of smooth muscle cells?

A
  1. have no striations
  2. no sarcomeres
  3. no T tubule

Histology Block 1 (7 decks)

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