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BIO201 ch1 > REVIEW BIO201 CH5 > Flashcards

REVIEW BIO201 CH5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

the action potential appearing to jump from node of ranvier to nodee down a myelinated axon, this speeds up the rate of conduction

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2
Q

a glial cell that phagocytizes pathogens such as bacteria

A

microglia

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3
Q

the glial cell that produces myelin in the PNS is the

A

schwann cell

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4
Q

when the urinary bladder is full, receptors on the surface send a signal to the brain notifying it that the bladder is full. this is an example of a ———- message.

A

visceral sensory

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5
Q

which type of channel is directly responsible for triggering the release of neurotransmitters

A

voltage gated calcium channels

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6
Q

myelin:

A

increases the speed of action potential conduction

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7
Q

the part of the neuron that receives information

A

dendrite

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8
Q

presynaptic cells are characterized by

A

containing synaptic vesicles and secreting neurotransmitters

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9
Q

a cavity attaching the third ventricle to the fourth

A

cerebral aqueduct

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10
Q

a small structure that produces the hormone melatonin

A

pineal body

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11
Q

a brain structure that processes auditory reflexes

A

inferior colliculus

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12
Q

white matter structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain

A

corpus callosum

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13
Q

what is not part of the cerebrum?

A

cerebellar

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14
Q

what is not true regarding the spinal cord

A

it is composed of white matter surrounded by gray matter

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15
Q

what part of the cerebral cortex reacts to a fly walking on the back of your hand

A

parietal lobe

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16
Q

which is not an example of the nervous system

A

entering puberty

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17
Q

which cranial nerve carries sensory information from the eye

A

optic

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18
Q

which cranial nerve controls the pupillary constrictor muscles

A

oculomotor nerve

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19
Q

a neuron that sends information towards the CNS is an

A

afferent neuron, ascending neuron, sensory neuron

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20
Q

the ——- ——— ——- consists of nerves located outside of the brain or spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system

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21
Q

which cranial nerves are responsible for carrying motor messages to the eyes

A

oculomotor, trigeminal, abducens

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22
Q

order of the flow of CSF in the CNS

A

third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi

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23
Q

explain the function of the hypothalamus

A

the hypothalamus is involved in hormone production/secretion and regulates the autonomic nervous system which controls satiety, thirst, hunger, thermoregulation

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24
Q

cranial nerves that carry motor information only

A

3- oculomotor- eye movement, 4- trochlear- eye movement, 5 - abducens- eye movement, 11-accessory nerve- head movement, 12- hypoglossal= tongue movement

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25
Q

the nervous system is composed of cells called ——- that conduct electricity wth the support and protection of cells called glia.

A

neurons

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26
Q

the glial cell that removes toxins and debris is the

A

microglia

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27
Q

the glial cell that produces myelin in the PNS is the

A

schwann cell

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28
Q

schwann cell and node of ranvier are responsible for

A

saltatory conduction

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29
Q

sensory neurons conduct impulses from —— to ——–.

A

receptors to the CNS

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30
Q

one of the major functions of the nervous system is integration. this involves

A

analyzing and processing information

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31
Q

neurons can conduct information to:

A

exocrine glands - cardiac muscle - other neurons - endocrine glands - the biceps femoris

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32
Q

the division of the nervous system that sends messages to involuntary muscles is the ——– ——– while the division of the nervous system that sends messages to skeletal muscles is the ——- ———.

A

visceral motor, somatic motor

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33
Q

which of the following controlled by the autonomic nervous system

A

control of the bladder to release urine, control of blood vessel diameter to adjust blood pressure

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34
Q

the —— ——- ——- ——- make up the central nervous system while the ——- —— —— —— and ganglia make up the peripheral nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord, cranial and spinal nerves

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35
Q

the major relay station for most of the sensory input going to the cerebral cortex is the ———-.

A

thalamus

36
Q

which meningeal layer primarily provides nutritive support to the brain?

A

pia mater

37
Q

which is true about the CSF?

A
  • found in the ventricles, -provides chemical stability, -enables the brain to float, -it is derived from blood
38
Q

NOT produced by neurons

A

CSF

39
Q

the ——– is involved in the initiation of voluntary movements

A

cerebellum

40
Q

the ——– is involved in temperature regulation

A

thalamus

41
Q

CSF is created by structures called ———— ———

A

choroid plexuses

42
Q

after flowing through the lateral and third ventricles the CSF travels through the ———— and then into the fourth ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

43
Q

which of the following is controlled by the cerebellum

A

maintains balance and equilibrium

44
Q

after CSF travels in and around the CNS, what structures remove the old CSF and return it to the blood?

A

arachnoid villi

45
Q

which of the following occur at a chemical synapse?

A

-action potentials in the presynaptic vell cause the opening of voltage gated calcium channels, =neurotransmitters can cause chemically gated sodium channels to open, -neurotransmitters can be broken down by enzymes in the synapse, - neurotransmitters can be taken up by the presynaptic terminal

46
Q

does NOT occur at a chemical synapse

A

action potentials in the postsynaptic vell cause the opening of voltage gated sodium channels

47
Q

which of the following is true about the differential in concentrations of ions across the membrane of a neuron at resting membrane potential

A

-more K inside the cell than outside, -more Na outside the cell than on the inside

48
Q

refer to the figure below. at number 2, what is true?

A

vltage gated na channels are open, sodium is diffusing into the neuron

49
Q

refer to the figure below. in the milliseconds just after 1 on the graph the neuron is….

A

reaching threshold

50
Q

which of the following is true about excitatory postsynaptic potentials?

A

it is usually depolarizing, it makes the neuron more likely to fire an AP

51
Q

myelin is found in the —– ——- and is provided by cells called ———– in the CNS and cells called ——— ——– in the PNS.

A

white matter, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

52
Q

what structure functions to return a neuron back to resting membrane potential by re-establishing the concentration gradients?

A

sodium potassium pump

53
Q

which of the following cranial nerve pairs control extrinsic eye muscles

A

abducens, oculomotor, trochlear

54
Q

what sensory cranial nerve pair carries equilibrium information from the ears to the brain?

A

vestibulocochlear nerves

55
Q

all spinal nerves are classified as ——- because they contain both ——– —- ——- ———.

A

mixed nerves, sensory and motor neurons

56
Q

true about the spinal cord

A

serves as a relay point for some reflex arcs, contains ascending and descending nerve tracts, coordinates locomotion, conducts info between brain and body

57
Q

not true about spinal cord

A

does not control respiratory, does not control heart rate

58
Q

an autoimmune disease that demyelinates neurons resulting in numbness, vision loss, and lack of muscle control is

A

MS

59
Q

white matter branching structure inside the cerebellum

A

arbor vitae

60
Q

touch and stretch receptors in the wall of the stomach are able to detect the presence of food in the stomach. these receptors trigger a ——- message that is sent to the brain.

A

visceral sensory

61
Q

the brain processes information or does ————-.

A

integration

62
Q

after processing, the brain triggers an outgoing ——– ———- message to the ———- of the stomach wall causing the stomach to contract and churn food to break it down.

A

visceral motor, smooth muscle

63
Q

sensory neurons conduct impulses from —– to the ——-.

A

receptors, CNS

64
Q

controlling the orbicularis oris to close the mouth

A

somatic motor division

65
Q

urinary bladder telling the brain it is too full

A

visceral sensory division

66
Q

brain stem controlling heart rate

A

autonomic nervous system

67
Q

light input from the eye to the brain

A

somatic sensory division

68
Q

is involved in voluntary movements

A

cerebellum

69
Q

the major relay station for most of the sensory input going to the cerebral cortex is the ———-.

A

thalamus

70
Q

the —— is involved in regulation of heart rate

A

pons

71
Q

the ———- is involved in temperature regulation

A

hypothalamus

72
Q

which type of channel is directly responsible for the release of neurotransmitters

A

voltage gated calcium channels

73
Q

chemicals, mechanical forces and photons of light are all possible stimuli that could trigger a ——- ——- on the dendrites of a neuron.

A

local potential

74
Q

———– summation is when a neuron receives many inputs in a short amount of time while ——– summation is when a neuron receives multiple inputs at the same time on different dendrites

A

temporal, spatial

75
Q

which cranial nerve has tracts that extend to the occipital lobe

A

optic nerve

76
Q

what sensory cranial nerve pair carries equilibrium info from the ears to the brain

A

vestibulocochlear

77
Q

gray matter contains

A

neuronal cell bodies

78
Q

the cerebral aqueduct is located within the ——- ——– of the brain stem

A

medulla oblongata

79
Q

sensory input

A

receiving information from the internal body or external environment

80
Q

integration

A

process of incoming information and determination of if response is required

81
Q

motor output

A

sending information to effectors to elicit a response

82
Q

skull

A

made out of bony composit material that resists compression and has resilience

83
Q

meninges

A

protective structures that anchor the brain in place via ligaments, and help provide cushioning - dura, arachnoid, pia

84
Q

subarachnoid space

A

fluid filled space that helps cushion the brain

85
Q

CSF

A

fluid that helps protect the brain by allowing it to float in the cranial cavity, especially the subarachnoid space

86
Q

sulci and gyri

A

the depressions and ridges bumps on the cerebrum and cerebellum and they increase the surface area of the brain which increases processing power. without the folds of the brain humans would be less intelligent.

87
Q

a neuron will not have an AP if the incoming inputs are not sufficient to reach threshold at the axon hillock. reasons for this are:

A

the post synaptic cell has been weakened or inhibited, there are not enough to reach threshold, the incoming inputs degrade before reaching the axon hillock, a strong action potential was rec’d right before the axon hillock

BIO201 ch1 (8 decks)

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