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bio201 ch1 > REVIEW BIO 201 CH2 > Flashcards

REVIEW BIO 201 CH2 Flashcards

1
Q

hole on the temporal bone by the ear

A

mandibular fossa

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2
Q

olfactory nerves pass through the foramina in the ———- ———- of the ———-.

A

cribiform plate, ethmoid

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3
Q

the site at which the first pair of ribs and clavicles articulate with the sternum

A

manubrium

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4
Q

the mandibular condyle and the ———- ——— articulate with each other to form the ——————— joint.

A

mandibular fossa, tempomandibular joint

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5
Q

a muscle attachment site that allows for movement of the mandible

A

coronoid process

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6
Q

a bony structure that serves to anchor the abdominal muscles

A

xiphoid process

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7
Q

the only bone that does not articulate with any other bones

A

hyoid

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8
Q

the site at which the first pair of ribs and clavicles articulate with the sternum

A

manubrium

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9
Q

the bone through which the optic nerve passes to reach the skull

A

sphenoid

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10
Q

the long space in the vertebral column through which the entire spinal cord passes is the

A

vertebral canal

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11
Q

the hole in the skull through which the brain stem passes leading to the spinal cord

A

foramen magnum

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12
Q

there are how many true ribs

A

7 1-7

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13
Q

there are how many false ribs in the body

A

5 8-12

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14
Q

the site at which the first cervical vertebra articulates with the skull

A

occipital condyles

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15
Q

which structure helps to hold the brain in place within the cranial cavity?

A

crista galli

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16
Q

the matrix component in bone which gives it weight-bearing strength is inorganic while the component that gives it resilience and flexibility is organic

A
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17
Q

the wide ends of the long bones are called ————— and contain red marrow while the long shaft is called the ————– and contains yellow marrow.

A

epiphyses, diaphysis

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18
Q

the cells that produce mineralized bone matrix, but are not yet surrounded by this matrix, are

A

osteoblasts

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19
Q

long bone formation

A

begins with a cartilaginous model

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20
Q

the surface of a bone is covered in a layer called

A

periosteum

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21
Q

what is not found in the skeletal system?

A

cutaneous membrane

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22
Q

bone cells that are formed by the merging of dozens of white blood cells are

A

osteoclasts

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23
Q

spongy bone consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called

A

trabeculae

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24
Q

first phase of bone repair

A

hematoma forms

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25
Q

second phase of bone repair

A

soft callus forms

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26
Q

third phase of bone repair

A

bony callus forms

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27
Q

final phase of bone repair

A

bone remodeling occurs

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28
Q

———— hormone is secreted when blood calcium levels are low and ————- osteoclasts while ————— osteoblasts.

A

parathyroid, stimulates, inhibiting

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29
Q

explain how skeletal system provides leverage for movement

A

muscles constrict and contract for movement attached to bones. joints are the sites at which bones meet each other. many joints are moveable joints.

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30
Q

where is red marrow located and what is its function?

A

red bone marrow is found within the spongy bone trabeculae. the function of red bone marrow is to produce red and white blood cells and platelets

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31
Q

flat bone forms by

A

intramembranous ossification

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32
Q

true statements about red marrow

A

can be found in flat bones, located in spongy bone cavities, site of hematopoiesis, filled with hemocytoblasts

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33
Q

the chief structural unit of compact bone

A

osteon

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34
Q

periosteum

A

covers the bones outer layer

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35
Q

yellow marrow

A

is located in the medullary cavity of long bones, is composed of lipids

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36
Q

flat bones have an internal and external surface layer of ————- bone with a middle layer of ———— bone. the spaces in the middle layer are filled with —– bone marrow.

A

compact, spongy, red

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37
Q

bone cells that actively divide

A

osteogenic cells

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38
Q

osteoclast activity is inhibited by

A

calcitonin

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39
Q

sequence of bone cell formation

A

osteogenic cell, osteoblast, osteocyte

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40
Q

the cells that are surrounded by bony calcified matrix are

A

osteocytes

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41
Q

weight bearing exercise will ————- bone size and strength because it makes the bone more ———-

A

increase, dense

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42
Q

nutrients are transported within bone from one osteocyte to another through ———— on cell membranes that are located where two osteocytes touch each other inside small bony tunnels called ————-

A

gap junctions, caniculi

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43
Q

which ions are found in the mineral component of bony tissue?

A

phosphate, calcium, bicarbonate

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44
Q

———- is caused by lack of vitamin D and results in soft malformed bones such as bowed legs

A

rickets

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45
Q

carpal bones are ———– shape

A

irregular

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46
Q

basic structure unit of compact bone

A

osteon

47
Q

structure that surrounds an osteocyte

A

lacuna

48
Q

structure that helps lubricate joints

A

articular cartilage

49
Q

structure that contains arteries in bone

A

central canal

50
Q

the passageway through which tears from the eye drain into the nasal cavity

A

nasolacrimal canal

51
Q

a passageway that guides sound waves to the tympanic membrane

A

external auditory meatus

52
Q

not part of the brain case?

A

zygomatic

53
Q

the site at which the first pair of ribs and clavicles articulate wtih the sternum

A

manubrium

54
Q

long bones

A

spongy bone covered with compact bone

55
Q

enlarged end of long bone

A

epiphysis

56
Q

shaft of long bone

A

diaphysis

57
Q

joint surface is covered by

A

articular cartilage

58
Q

bones are made up of:

A

bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage and periosteum

59
Q

hole in the skull through which the brain stem passes leading to the spinal cord

A

foramen magnum

60
Q

maintains homeostasis from within lacuna

A

osteocytes

61
Q

mineralizes bone

A

osteoblasts

62
Q

bone reabsorption

A

osteoclasts

63
Q

divides to form osteoblasts

A

osteocytes

64
Q

compact bone is known as

A

osteon, basic structural unit of bone

65
Q

the central canal of bone is surrounded by lamellae layers of bone around a blood vessel

A
66
Q

bone marrow is soft tissue that occupies the

A

medullary cavity of long bone or spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone

67
Q

inorganic matter of bones

A

mineerals like hydroxyapetate and calcium carbonate

68
Q

organic matter of bone

A

collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

69
Q

crystallization process in which ions are removed from blood plasma and deposited into

A

bone tissue

70
Q

collagen fibers that are along the length of the osteon become encrusted with minerals by work of the

A

osteoblasts

71
Q

mineral reabsorption is

A

Process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood

72
Q

mineral reabsorption is

A

performed by osteoclasts at ruffled border

73
Q

—————— is needed for communication between neurons, muscle contraction, blood clotting and exocytosis

A

calcium

74
Q

hypocalcemia is deficiency of blood calcium and causes

A

excitability of nervous system → muscle spasms or seizures

75
Q

hypercalcemia is too much calcium in blood

A

depression of nervous system → coma or death

76
Q

Calcitriol, PTH and calcitonin maintain normal blood calcium concentration

A
77
Q

stimulates intestine to absorb calcium, phosphate and magnesium
weakly promotes urinary reabsorption of calcium ions
promotes osteoclast activity to raise blood calcium concentration to the level needed for bone deposition

A

calcitriol

78
Q

calcitonin

A

Secreted by C cells of the thyroid gland
Released when calcium concentration too high
Functions
reduces osteoclast activity by as much as 70% in 15 minutes
increases the number and activity of osteoblasts

79
Q

parathyroid

A

Secreted by the parathyroid glands
Released when calcium blood level is too low
Functions
stimulates osteoclasts multiplication and activity
promotes calcium resorption by the kidneys
promotes calcitriol synthesis in the kidneys
inhibits collagen synthesis and bone deposition by osteoblast

80
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Produces flat bones of skull and clavicle

81
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

produces long bones

82
Q

zone of resting

A

cartilage attaches to epiphysis

83
Q

zone of proliferation

A

new cartilage produced on epiphyseal side chondrocytes divide

84
Q

zone of hypertrophy

A

chondrocytes grow and enlarge

85
Q

zone of calcification

A

matrix is calcified, chondrocytes die

86
Q

ossified bone

A

cartilage on the diaphysial side is replaced by bone

87
Q

stress fracture

A

is a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone

88
Q

pathological fracture

A

is a break in a bone weakened by some other disease

89
Q

bone takes how long to heal

A

8-12 weeks

90
Q

osteoclasts

A

Osteoclasts release minerals (calcium, phosphate, magnesium) from bone

91
Q

mineral reabsorption

A

Process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood

92
Q

calcitonin

A

Activate osteoblasts, Deactivate osteoclasts, Triggers mineralization

93
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

Cause the kidneys to retain calcium (so the calcium does not exit the body in urine), Causes the body to make more vitamin D (calcitriol), Triggers mineral resorption

94
Q

part of the bone responsible for growth of the bone during puberty

A

epiphyseal plate

95
Q

on a mature bone the epiphysis is covered by

A

articular cartilage

96
Q

flat bones have an internal and external surface layer of compact bone with a middle layer of ——– bone

A

spongy

97
Q

spaces in the middle layer of bone are filled with — bone marrow

A

red

98
Q

the ECM of bone tissue is composed of organic and inorganic materials. the organic component is mostly ——– which functions to provide —– to the bony tissue while the inorganic compounds are mostly —— which function to provide ——– to the bone.

A

collagen fibers, flexibility, calcium phosphate minerals, rigidity

99
Q

which of the bone cells actively divide?

A

osteogenic cells

100
Q

ions found in mineral component of bony tissue

A

phosphate, bicarbonate, calcium

101
Q

cells completely surrounded by bony matrix

A

osteocytes

102
Q

osteoclast activity is inhibited by

A

calcitonin

103
Q

secretion of PTH will cause

A

increased activity of osteoclasts

104
Q

———- causes the increase of calcium absorption in the kidneys while the hormone PTH increases calcium release from bony tissue by increasing activity of osteoclasts

A

calcitriol

105
Q

intramembranous bone formation

A

gives rise to flat bones of the skull

106
Q

correct number of each type of vertebra in the vertebral columb

A

breakfast lunch dinner, 7 cervical, 12 lumbar, 5 lumbar

107
Q

caslcium uses

A

calcium is used for blood clotting, muscular and nervous tissue communication

108
Q

phosphorous uses

A

used to make phospholipids and nucleotides

109
Q

bicarbonate uses

A

helps control pH of blood

110
Q

calcitroil uses

A

used to stimulate absorption of calcium from diet at the small intestines, increasing blood calcium levels

111
Q

PTH uses

A

increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and inhibiting osteoclasts

112
Q

calcitonin uses

A

decrease blood calcium by stimulating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts

113
Q

osteogenic cells are stimulated and migrate to areas where new bony tissue is needed and become osteoblasts, which makes new bony tissue, especially hydroxyapetite

A

calcium and phosphate are removed from the blood and stored in the bone

114
Q

osteoclasts are WBC that secrete an acid to degrade the bony tissue and release the dissolved calcium

A

releases back into the blood

bio201 ch1 (8 decks)

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