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BIO201 ch1 > REVIEW BIO201 CH4 > Flashcards

REVIEW BIO201 CH4 Flashcards

1
Q

which muscles elevate the mandible

A

temporalis, masseter

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2
Q

which muscles protract the scapula?

A

serratus anterior

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3
Q

which muscles flex the arm?

A

pectoralis major, deltoid

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4
Q

which muscles compress the abdomen

A

rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique

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5
Q

actions of the serratus anterior

A

protract the scapula

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6
Q

actions of the latissimus dorsi

A

adduct the arm, extend the arm

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7
Q

actions of the frontalis

A

elevate the eyebrows

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8
Q

actions of the deltoid

A

extend the arm, flex the arm, abduct the arm

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9
Q

which muscle retracts the scapula

A

trapezius

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10
Q

which muscles laterally rotate the arm

A

infraspinatus, teres minor

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11
Q

actions of the subscapularis

A

medially rotate the arm

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12
Q

actions of the orbicularis oculi

A

close the eyes

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13
Q

actions of the teres major

A

adduct the arm, extend the arm

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14
Q

actions of the trapezius

A

retract the scapula, elevate the scapula, depress the scapula

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15
Q

which muscle laterally flexes the vertebral column

A

external abdominal oblique

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16
Q

action performed by the masseter muscle

A

elevation of the mandible

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17
Q

which muscles flex the vertebral column

A

external abdominal oblique, rectus abdominus

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18
Q

action of the orbicularis oris?

A

close mouth

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19
Q

which muscle flexes the head?

A

sternocleidomastoid

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20
Q

which muscles abduct the arm

A

deltoid, supraspinatus

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21
Q

structures found in skeletal muscle fiber

A

actin filaments, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasm, myofilaments, gap junctions

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22
Q

acetylcholinesterase is an important molecule in neuromuscular junctions because:

A

degrades acetylcholine, aids in relaxation

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23
Q

the connective tissue that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers

A

perimysium

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24
Q

the sliding-theory of muscle contraction states that

A

sarcomeres shorten during contraction

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25
Q

the difference in charge across the plasma membrane of an unstimulated muscle cell is known as

A

the resting membrane potential

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26
Q

calcium ions diffuse into the cytoplasm surrounding the myofilament proteins from the ———-.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

the proteins that cover the active sites on the thin filaments and are responsible for regulating when a muscle can contract are

A

tropomyosin and troponin

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28
Q

define elasticity and why its important

A

elasticity gives muscles the ability to bounce back to their original shape after contraction or extension. this helps retain the shape of muscles and conserves energy since a muscle will return to its original shape passively and retain its optimum length

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29
Q

what is the role of ATP in muscle relaxation

A

ATP is the energy source for the calcium pump that removes calcium from the sarcoplasm and puts it back in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. sodium potassium pumps are required to return the muscle fiber to resting membrane potential

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30
Q

actions of the peroneus

A

evert the foot, plantar flex the foot

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31
Q

actions of the adductor magnus

A

adduct the thigh, extend the thigh

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32
Q

actions of the gracilis

A

adduct the thigh, flex the lower leg

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33
Q

actions of the gluteus maximus

A

extend the thigh, abduct the thigh, laterally rotate the thigh

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34
Q

actions of the coracobrachialis

A

flex the arm, adduct the arm

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35
Q

actions of the hamstring group

A

flex the lower leg, extend the thigh

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36
Q

actions of the tensor fasciae latae

A

flex the thigh, abduct the thigh

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37
Q

actions of the gastrocnemius

A

plantar flex the foot

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38
Q

actions of the extensor digiti minimi

A

extend 5th digit

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39
Q

action of the vastus lateralis

A

extend the lower leg

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40
Q

actions of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis

A

abduct the hand, extend the hand

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41
Q

action of the extensor digitorum longus

A

dorsiflex the foot

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42
Q

action of the iliopsoas

A

flexion of the thigh

43
Q

muscle that dorsiflex the foot

A

flexor digitorum longus

44
Q

actions of the sartorius

A

flex thigh, abduct thigh, rotate thigh laterally

45
Q

process that does NOT require oxygen and breaks down glucose to produce ATP

A

anaerobic respiration

46
Q

smaller motor units would provide increased ——.

A

control

47
Q

describe the relationship between the length of a muscle and the amount of tension or force it can generate

A

the shorter a muscle is, the more force it can generate

48
Q

rigor mortis sets in due to the presence of available calcium within the fibers as well as a ——- of ATP

A

loss

49
Q

protein that provides additional oxygen during the first few seconds of muscle activity is

A

myoglobin

50
Q

the three stages of muscle contraction

A

latency, contraction, relaxation

51
Q

the contraction phase is when tension increases as calcium binds to troponin thus exposing the active sites on actin allowing for myosin heads to bind and allow ——— to occur

A

cross bridging

52
Q

how does wave summation increase muscle tension

A

in wave summation, greater muscle tension is achieved due to a second stimulus being applied to a motor unit before it has completed the relaxation phase.

53
Q

not a major characteristic of muscle types

A

secretability

54
Q

the ——– of the rhomboidus muscles are the spines of the vertebra and the ———— of the rhomboidus muscles are the medial borders of the scapula

A

origin, insertion

55
Q

contractile structure found within a muscle fiber

A

myofibril

56
Q

which action is caused by a skeletal muscle

A

blinking of an eye

57
Q

structures of a muscle from smallest to largest

A

sarcomere, myofibril, fiber, fascicle, whole muscle

58
Q

T or F: the muscular system is responsible for the production and maintenance of calcium in the blood

A

FALSE

59
Q

how does the muscular system help in thermoregulation?

A

contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles, piloerector muscles, constriction of smooth muscles of the cutaneous arteries, dilation of the smooth muscles of the cutaneous arteries

60
Q

during each power stroke, a myosin filament acts as an ——— enzyme in order to access the energy needed to generate force during a contraction

A

ATPase

61
Q

skeletal muscle fibers range in color from pale white to pink to deep red. the ————- fibers are palest in color because of ———– myoglobin proteins due to the fact that these fibers primarily rely on ——————- respiration.

A

fast glycolitic, a lack of, anaerobic

62
Q

contraction and relaxation of a single muscle fiber

A

muscle twitch

63
Q

the process that does not require oxygen and breaks down glucose to produce ATP is —– and produces —— as a byproduct

A

anaerobic respiration, lactic acid

64
Q

your breathing rate remains high for a period just after exercise due to

A

oxygen debt

65
Q

the process that requires oxygen and breaks down glucose to produce ATP is

A

aerobic respiration

66
Q

T or F: muscle fatigue is primarily caused by lactic acid build up within muscle fibers

A

FALSE

67
Q

rigor mortis sets in due to ———— of available calcium within the fibers as well as ————– ATP.

A

the presence of, the loss of

68
Q

oxygen storage molecule in muscle

A

myoglobin

69
Q

the protein that provides additional oxygen during the first few seconds of muscle activity is

A

myoglobin

70
Q

polysaccharide storage molecule in muscle

A

glycogen

71
Q

by-product of anaerobic fermentation process

A

lactic acid

72
Q

basic unit of contraction

A

sarcomere

73
Q

chemical that causes muscle excitation

A

acetylcholine

74
Q

energy molecule used by muscles

A

ATP

75
Q

which muscle flexes the head

A

sternocleidomastoid

76
Q

which action is performed by the extensor digiti minimi

A

extension of the pinky

77
Q

which action is performed by the vastus lateralis muscle

A

extension of the lower leg

78
Q

which action is performed by the brachialis muscle

A

flexion of the forearm

79
Q

which action is performed by the brachioradialis muscle

A

flexion of the forearm

80
Q

which action performed by the ilioipsoas muscle

A

flexion of the thigh

81
Q

the connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers is the

A

endomysium

82
Q

the connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle is the

A

epimysium

83
Q

the ————- surrounds bundles of muscle fibers, organizing them into ———

A

perimysium, fascicles

84
Q

the ———— is found within a contractile structure called a ——- which is located within a muscle fiber

A

sarcomere, fascicle

85
Q

——— is located in an area called the ——- band.

A

myosin, a band

86
Q

the membrane surface of a muscle fiber is called the ———– and it extends deep into the sarcoplasm of the fiber at sites called ————

A

sarcolemma, t-tubules

87
Q

according to the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, a sarcomere will ——– when myosin slides over actin resulting in the Z-discs being ———

A

shorten, closer together

88
Q

a ——- can be partially contracted while a —— only contracts according to the all or none rule

A

whole muscle, muscle fiber

89
Q

myosin and actin are ———- proteins, while troponin and tropomyosin are ——— proteins

A

contractile, regulatory

90
Q

the acetylcholine receptor is an example of a

A

chemically gated channel

91
Q

these take place during the relaxation phase of a muscle twitch

A

AChE degrades ACh in the synapse, calcium is pumped into SR, active sites become unavailable for cross bridge formation

92
Q

which does NOT explain oxygen debt?

A

pumping calcium into the SR

93
Q

autorhythmic, striated muscle

A

cardiac muscle

94
Q

non-striated, mononucleate muscle

A

smooth muscle

95
Q

striated, multinucleate muscle

A

skeletal muscle

96
Q

muscle containing intercalated discs

A

cardiac muscle

97
Q

muscle found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels

A

smooth muscle

98
Q

voluntary muscle

A

skeletal muscle

99
Q

action performed by the pronator teres muscle

A

pronation of the forearm

100
Q

explain wave frequency summation.

A

a twitch is a contraction of a cell followed by relaxation. during relaxation, calcium is pumped back into the SR. if another stimulation or excitation occurs before all of the calcium has been removed from the sytosol, then more calcium is released from the SR increasing the cytosolic concentration of calcium. more calcium means more exposed actin filaments, more exposed actin means more myosin binding and results in more contraction or more sarcomeres engaged. more contraction, or sustained contraction, results in more tension or force generated

101
Q

reasons for muscle fatigue

A

depletion of ACh results in lack of excitation of muscle fiber, depletion of oxygen rich myoglobin decreases aerobic respiratory capacity, anaerobic respiration produces less ATP, depletion of glycogen stores decreases glucose availability for aerobic respiration, lack of ATP inhibits ability of myosin ATPase to bind and pull on actin- lactic acid is not a reason for muscle fatigue

102
Q

skeletal muscle

A

multinucleated with many cells to make them long striated- sarcomeres are organized end to end and enable contraction, voluntary- under control of the CNS, lots of SR- for storing calcium

103
Q

smooth muscle

A

has dense bodies- allow multidirectional contraction, invuluntary- able to respond to local stimuli

104
Q

cardiac muscle

A

intercalated discs- contains gap junctions to enable quick communication and desmosomes to hold cells together, involuntary- able to respond to local stimuli, striated- sarcomeres are organized end to end to enable contraction, minimal SR-calcium comes from extracellular environment

BIO201 ch1 (8 decks)

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