Review - Basics Flashcards
Basic sciences
Which cell wall component increases membrane fluidity
Cholesterol
What are the 3 main lipid classes found in the cell membrane
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
What percentages of protein, carbs, and lipid compose the plasma memebrane
Protein - 60
Carbs - 1-10
Lipids - 40
What the difference between surface antigens in ABO vs HLA systems
ABO - Glycolipids
HLA - Glycoproteins
Name the adhesion molecules that anchor a cell to other cells or the extracellular matrix
Desmosome/Hemidesmosomes
Cell-cell occluding junctions that form an impermeable barrier
Tight junctions
Toxic portion of the lipopolysaccharide complex
Lipid A
Thin filament that interacts with myosin
Actin
Thick filament that slide along actin using ATP
Myosin
Intermediate filament found in hair and nails
Keratin
Intermediate filament found in muscle
Desmin
Intermediate filament found in fibroblasts
Vimentin
Structural component of cells that synthesizes exported proteins
Rough ER
Structural component of cells that detoxifies drugs and is involved in synthesis of lipids/steroids
Smooth ER
Structural component of cells that uses carbohydrates to modify proteins and targets proteins to lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
Structure inside the cell that has a double membrane with an outer membrane that is contiguous with the rough ER
Nucleus
Structure inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made
Nucleolus
Cell structure responsible for energy production
Mitochondria
Enzyme involved in unwinding of DNA
DNA helicase
Enzyme used to catalyze formation of RNA primers used to initiate DNA synthesis
DNA primase
Enzyme that links DNA fragments by degrading RNA primers
DNA ligase
Type of mutation that results in a single AA change from a point mutation
Missense mutation
Type of mutation resulting from a change in a single base pair
Point mutation
Type of mutation occuring from a point mutation that results in replacement of an AA with a stop codon
Nonsense mutation
Type of mutation that occurs with the addition or deletion of a few base pairs
Frameshift mutation
Most critical component in neovascularization in tumor metastases
VEGF receptor (vascular endothelial growth factor)
Overall number of ATP generated from 1 molecule of glucose
38 ATP (36 from Krebs, 2 from from glycolysis
Most variable part of the cell cycle that determines cycle length
G1
Part of cell cycle where protein synthesis and chromosomal duplication occur
S
Phases of the cell cycle
G1 - growth
S - DNA synthesis
G2 - Growth and prep for mitosis
M - Mitosis (cell division)
Growth factor affect the cell during this phase of the cell cycle
G1
Phase between S and M phase
G2
Part of cell cycle where nucleus divides
M
Tumor cells are most sensitive to radiation during this stage of cell cycle
M
Phases of mitosis
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telephase
Phase of mitosis where chromosomes shorten, nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear and spindle apparatus forms
Prophase
Phase of mitosis where centromeres align on equatorial plate, spindle fibers attach to centromeres and centromeres duplicate
Metaphase
Phase of mitosis where chromatids migrate to opposite poles
Anaphase
Phase of mitosis when nuclear envelope re-forms and chromosomes decondense
Telephase
Which coagulation factor has the shortest half life
F7
Which coagulation factor can be used to differentiate a consumptive coagulopathy vs hepatocellular disease
F8
Which factors are known as labile factors (activity loss in stored blood)
F5 and F8
Which factors cross links fibrin
F13
What does vWF do
Links collagen to Gp1b receptors on plts
What is the function of antithrombin 3 (AT3)
Bind heparin
Inhibits F9, F10, F11, and F2 (thrombin)
Sequence of physiologic reactions that mediate hemostasis following vascular injury
Vasoconstriction
Platelet activation/adherence, aggregation
Thrombin formation
What is Virchow triad
Stasis
Endothelial injury
Hypercoagulability
MCC of acquired hypercoagulability
Smoking
Most common inherited hypercoagulable state
Factor V Leiden
What is the treatment for hyperhomocysteinemia
Vit B12 and Folate
What i the lifespan of a platelet
7-10days
Formation of a platelet plug requires these 2 electrolytes
Calcium and Magnesium
Plt count needed before surgery
> 50k
Plt count associated with spont bleeding
<20k
Plt count when one should give prophylactic transfusion
<10k
NSAIDs act by inhibiting
Plt aggregation
Uremia leads to a downregulation of
vWF
GpIb
GpIIb/IIIa
Drug that can be given to help correct plt dysfunction from uremia, bypass or ASA
Desmopressin
DDAVP helps uremic bleeding by stimulating the release of
vWF and F7
Normal lifepan of a RBC
120 dys
Electrolyte likely to fall after infusion of stored blood
Calcium (ionized)
How does stored blood decrease ionized Ca
Citrate in stored blood binds calcium
Most common blood product to contain bacterial contamination
Platelets
Most common bacterial type found in stored plts
Gram positive organism
True or False, washed RBCs can be given to pt who has had severe allergic reaction to plasma
True, very little plasma proteins in washed RBCs
1U pRBC increase Hgb and Hct by
Hgb 1g/dL
Hct 3-4%
Which fluid cannot be infused with RBCs and why
LR, calcium in LR may induce coagulation in the IV line
What does cryoprecipitate contain
vWF, F8 and fibrinogen
What does FFP contain
All factors including F5 and F7, protein C & S and AT-III
Which factor crosses placenta
F8
Most common congenital bleeding disorder
von Willerbrand dz
Factor deficient in hemophilia A
F8
Coagulation study elevated in hemophilia A
PTT
Factor deficient in hemophilia B
F9
Inheritance of hemophilia A & B
Sex-linked recessive
Inheritance of vW diease
Autosomal dominant
Tx of vW dz
Cryo or DDAVP
Which type of vW dieaese does DDAVP not work
Type 2
What are the types of vW Dz and what is their descriptive issue
Type 1 - decrease vWF/F8 (quantitative)
Type 2 - functional defect in vWF/receptor (qualitative)
Type 3 - Absent vWF/F8
Rosenthal syndrome is deficiency of which factor, what i the treatment
F11; Tx - Plasma
Stuart-Prower deficiency is deficiency of which factors
F7 and F10
What receptor deficiency is found in Glanzmann thrombocytopenia
GpIIb/IIIa
What receptor deficiency is found in Bernard-Soulier dz
GpIb
Tx for Glanzmann and Bernard Soulier dz
Plts
What is the half-life of heparin
90mins
Factors reduced and responsible for warfarin induced sin necrosis
Protein C & S
Pt with this deficiency are at increased risk for warfarin induced skin necrosis
Protein C deficiency
What is the length of Coumadin anticoag tx for 1st, 2nd and 3rd DVT?
1st - 6 mos
2nd - 1 yr
3rd - lifetime