Review Flashcards
behavior viewed in terms of biological responses (ex: look at heart rate, physical changes in body)
biopsychological approach
behavior viewed as product of learned responses
behavioral approach
behavior is based on influence from unconscious
psychoanalytic approach
behavior is viewed as reflection of personal growth; we all strive to live up to our potential
humanism
behavior viewed as product of internal thoughts (ex: change irrational thoughts to rational ones)
cognitive approach
behavior influenced by rules and expectations of society; rules of ones social group, including ethnicity, race, religion; culture
sociocultural approach
the scientific study of mental processes and behavior
psychology
looking inside oneself and describing what is there (such as emotions, feelings)
introspection
these types of psychologists study the origin, cause or results of behaviors; work in a research setting, such as a lab or conducting naturalistic observations
research psychologist
these types of psychologists deal directly with clients; make use of the findings of the research psychologists
applied psychologist
this specific type of psychologist typically works with clients who have more severe disorders, such as schizophrenia; will work with clients with their personal problems
clinical psychologist
this type of study looks at the same group of people over an extended (long) period of time
longitudinal study
this type of study looks at different age groups at the same type in order to understand changes that occur in a lifetime
cross sectional study
this is the variable that is manipulated
independent variable
this is the variable that depends on the independent variable manipulation
dependent variable
the group that receives the critical part of the experiment; is exposed to the independent variable
experimental group
the group that does not receive the critical part of the experiment; is not exposed to the independent variable
control group
name an ethical guideline for experimentation
do not harm; confidentiality; open and honest in experimentation; minimize physical, mental risks; participant can stop participation at any time
the statement of the results the experimenter expects to find
hypothesis
the UCS in Pavlov’s experiment
meat/food
the UCR in Pavlov’s experiment
salivation
the NS in Pavlov’s experiment
bell
the CS in Pavlov’s experiment
bell
the CR in Pavlov’s experiment
salivation
positive or negative reinforcement? Timmy is given a jolly rancher every time he gets an A on a test
positive
positive or negative reinforcement? A parent nagging her child to clean up her room
negative
positive or negative reinforcement? Police pulling drivers over and giving prizes for buckling up
positive
positive or negative reinforcement? A professor gives extra credit for perfect attendance
positive
positive or negative reinforcement? A rat presses a lever to terminate a shock or loud tone
negative
schedule of reinforcement? Ryan has a math test every Thursday.
fixed interval
schedule of reinforcement? After every ten problems Ryan completes when studying, he allows himself an M&M.
fixed ratio
schedule of reinforcement? Ryan would look over his math book often because he never knew how much time would go by before his teacher might give a surprise quiz.
variable interval
schedule of reinforcement? Ryan never knows how many “A” assignments he will have to receive before his mom will reward him with money.
variable ratio
when gradual approximations to the desired response are rewarded; Crosby the dog learns to do tricks because his owner uses gradual rewards
shaping
Ryan is no longer reinforced for A grades so he gradually stops caring and trying to earn them. This is an example of …..
extinction
Crosby the dog barks at the mailman every day. One day a man jumped out of a white van at his house and Crosby barked at him, too. This is an example of …..
generalization
Crosby only barks at the mailman but not the cable guy. This is an example of ….
discrimination
Rachel plays house with her baby dolls and tries to feed them like her mom does with her baby brother. This is an example of
social learning
according to social learning theory most of our behavior is learned through
imitation and observation
memory of a specific event
episodic memory
general knowledge we remember
semantic memory
implied memory; skills
implicit memory
example of what type of memory? knowing your ABC’s
semantic
example of what type of memory? remembering your first day of middle school
episodic
example of what type of memory? knowing hydrogen and oxygen make water
semantic
example of what type of memory? knowing how to type
implicit
example of what type of memory? remembering what you ate on Thanksgiving
episodic
example of what type of memory? knowing how to ride a bike
implicit
the first stage of memory
sensory memory
these processes cause people to forget
interference and decay
relating new material to something somebody already knows (touch/taste activity in class)
elaborative rehearsal
repeating information over and over again as a way to remember something
maintenance rehearsal
provides you with a mental image; representation in space
cognitive map
a brief, involuntary facial expression
microexpression
we participate in an activity for our own enjoyment, rather than for a concrete, tangible reward
intrinsic motivation
we do something for a concrete, tangible reward (ex; money)
extrinsic motivation
according to Maslow, a self actualized person strives to
live up to their potential; be all they are capable of becoming
instincts, urges present at birth; ‘devil’ on your shoulder
id
conscience; ‘angel’ on your shoulder
superego
balances desires with reality; balances wants of ‘devil’ and ‘angel’; develops solution
ego
reveal our unconscious desires through freely saying what comes to our mind: Freud’s technique to bring thoughts from unconscious to conscious
free association
Freud’s stages include
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital
Carl Jung believed your collective unconsciuos was your
psychic inheritance; we are all connected
What did Karen Horney believe had the greatest impact on relationships?
love; lack of love; being able to form solid, loving relationships
During the identity vs. role confusion stage of Erikson, what happens?
adolescents try to figure out who they are
During the generativity vs. stagnation stage of Erikson, what happens?
adults may give something back to the world or remain stagnate, doing nothing
During the integrity vs. despair stage of Erikson, what happens?
adults look back on their life, proud of what they have done or filled with regrets
according to Rogers, when do we become fully functioning individuals
when we unite our real and ideal self
a broad, long lasting pattern of behavior; remains consistent in a variety of situations
personality
identify disorder: inability to sit still for long periods of time; difficulty paying attention
ADHD
identify disorder: will fall along spectrum; may have repetitive behaviors such as rocking, opening/closing doors; delayed speech
autism
identify disorder: a fear of a specific object or situation; irrational fear of item
phobia
identify disorder: magnify any illness you have; ex: a cough means you have lung disease
hypochondriasis
identify disorder: when you convert psychological trauma in to physical ailment; ex: see dog run over now can not see
conversion disorder
identify disorder: may suffer from hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder
schizophrenia
identify disorder: may have no regret for treating people poorly or committing crimes; may be a con artist; formerly known as psychopath or sociopath
antisocial personality disorder
identify disorder: believe others are out to harm or deceive them
paranoid personality disorder
identify disorder: have times of mania and times of depression
bipolar disorder
identify disorder: amnesia that is psychologically caused
dissociative amnesia
identify disorder: focus on perceived physical flaw; ex: may not leave home because of perceived flaw
body dysmorphic disorder
identify disorder: has feelings of anxiety without particular cause; ongoing feelings
generalized anxiety disorder
reinforcement by adding a stimulus when desired response occurs to increase or maintain frequency of a behavior
positive reinforcement
reinforcement by removal of an unpleasant stimulus when a desired response occurs
negative reinforcement
REBT is a form of what type of therapy? Cognitive or Humanistic?
Cognitive
the basic premise of cognitive therapy is to
change irrational thoughts to rational ones
what is the DSM?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: manual detailing psychological disorders
If there is a full moon, then students are less likely to help a teacher. What is the Independent Variable (IV)?
phase of moon
If there is a full moon, then students are less likely to help a teacher. What is the Dependent Variable (DV)?
helping behavior
If there is a full moon, then students are less likely to help a teacher. What is the experimental group?
group of students during full moon phase
according to Freud, most problems we experience as adults can be traced back to?
unconscious conflicts; influences from childhood
Systematic desensitization involves
step by step behavior changes; relax at each step of process; manage anxiety
What did Freud believe dreams represented?
a view in to person’s unconscious; must free associate to gain insight in to dream
