Learning Flashcards
a response spreads from one specific stimulus to another stimuli that resembles the original; for example, Pavlov’s dog responds to a bell and a buzzer
generalization
a schedule of reinforcement where reinforcement occurs after a desired behavior occurs, but a different number of the desired behaviors is required each time
variable ratio
a previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with a natural, unconditioned response becomes this
conditioned stimulus
the process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences
punishment
the type of conditioning that results from one’s actions and the consequences they cause
operant conditioning
learning that isn’t obvious; is hidden; beneath the surface
latent learning
the gradual loss of an association over time; for example, Pavlov’s dogs no longer salivate when they hear a bell
extinction
the process of strengthening a response by following it with the taking away or avoiding of something unpleasant
negative reinforcement
the process of gradually learning a response by successively reinforcing closer approximations to it; a pigeon learned to turn in a circle by being reinforced every time it went in that general direction
shaping
Pavlov’s method of conditioning in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus
classical conditioning
a stimulus that automatically and naturally elicits a response
unconditioned stimulus
a reinforcement is received after a fixed amount of time has passed if the desired act has occurred
fixed interval
strengthening the tendency to repeat a response by following it with the addition of something pleasant
positive reinforcement
each and every time a behavior occurs, reinforcement in given
continuous reinforcement
learning to tell the difference between one event or object and another; the opposite of generalization; for example, Pavlov’s dog would only salivate to a high pitched tone
discrimination
a way of learning based on abstract mental processes and previous knowledge
cognitive learning
when you put together a series of learned tasks; this process, for example, has occurred when you train a bird to walk a ladder, spin in a circle and dunk a mini basketball
chaining
In Pavlov’s original experiment, salivating to the tone represented this
conditioned response
a reinforcement is received after a fixed amount of responses has occurred
fixed ratio
Reinforcement can occur under fixed, variable, ratio or interval schedules under this schedule of reinforcement
partial reinforcement
when a previously extinct response reoccurs
spontaneous recovery
John is rewarded with a cookie when he finishes his dinner; this is an example of?
positive reinforcement
Ann gets out of being grounded when she cleans up her room; this is an example of?
negative reinforcement
3 year old Jennie sees her mom picking up her dishes from the table and she begins to pick up hers each evening, too; this reflects?
social learning/modeling
Ernie was late to class so his teacher gave him a detention; this reflects a?
punishment
Terri is given a gold star after she completes numbers 2, 4, 6 and 8 of her math problems; what type of schedule?
fixed ratio; positive reinforcement
Ernie was late to class so his teacher gave him a detention; what does this represet?
punishment
Sally’s teacher stopped giving her bonus points and eventually Sally stopped typing her papers; what does this represent?
extinction
Every time Sally turns in a typed paper her teacher gave her bonus points; what does this represent?
continuous reinforcement; positive reinforcement
observing and imitating a specific behavior
modeling
a mental representation of where you are; you know where the letters are on your cell phone without looking
cognitive map
belief about our ability to perform an action and get the desired reward
expectancies
promising a reward for something someone already likes to do may limit enjoyment of that activity
overjustification effect
preference for certain types of reinforcement; you may prefer bonus points over a new pencil as a reinforcer
reinforcement value
Bandura’s experiment that highlighted the Bobo doll and aggressive behavior reflects this concept
social learning
John Watson claimed that little Albert was conditioned to fear a rat; this fear then transferred to anything that resembled the rat, such as a bunny. If this happened, this would be an example of?
generalization
Classical or Operant? Timmy got a new Lego set when he got a shot at the doctors office without crying
Operant
Classical or Operant? Mandy had a panic attack before she met with her Biology professor. Now whenever she sees her Biology professor she feels panicked and afraid.
Classical
Classical or Operant? The last time you ate chicken at Chick-fil-A you had food poisoning and become nauseated. Now just the sight of a Chick-fil-A chicken sandwich causes you to feel nauseated.
Classical
Classical or Operant? You quickly leave the building when the fire alarm sounds.
Operant
Positive or Negative Reinforcement? The child gets free food from McDonald’s for earning straight A’s.
Positive
Positive or Negative Reinforcement? You clean up your mess in your dorm room to avoid a fight with your roommate.
Negative
Negative Reinforcement or Punishment? You stayed out past curfew and your parents take away your car for two weeks.
Punishment
Negative Reinforcement or Punishment? You finally earned an “A” in Physics, so your parents “unground” you
Negative Reinforcement
Schedule? For every 5 “A” grades I earn, my parents buy me a pack of gum
Fixed Ratio
Schedule? For a random number of “A” grades (sometimes it’s 3 A’s, sometimes 7 A’s), my parents buy me a pack of gum
Variable Ratio
Schedule? After I study for thirty minutes, my mom gives me a piece of gum
Fixed Interval
Schedule? After a random number of minutes studying (I’m never sure how long), my mom gives me a piece of gum
Variable Interval
Pavlov placed a piece of meat on a dog’s tongue and observed salivation. He then played a tone before giving the meat to the dog. Pavlov’s dog learned to salivate at the sound of a tone. What is the UCS?
Meat
Pavlov placed a piece of meat on a dog’s tongue and observed salivation. He then played a tone before giving the meat to the dog. Pavlov’s dog learned to salivate at the sound of a tone. What is the UCR?
Salivation
Pavlov placed a piece of meat on a dog’s tongue and observed salivation. He then played a tone before giving the meat to the dog. Pavlov’s dog learned to salivate at the sound of a tone. What is the NS?
Tone
Pavlov placed a piece of meat on a dog’s tongue and observed salivation. He then played a tone before giving the meat to the dog. Pavlov’s dog learned to salivate at the sound of a tone. What is the CS?
Tone
Pavlov placed a piece of meat on a dog’s tongue and observed salivation. He then played a tone before giving the meat to the dog. Pavlov’s dog learned to salivate at the sound of a tone. What is the CR?
Salivation
The last time you ate chicken at Chick-fil-A you had food poisoning and become nauseated. Now just the sight of a Chick-fil-A chicken sandwich causes you to feel nauseated. What is the UCS and the UCR?
UCS = food poisoning UCR = nausea
The last time you ate chicken at Chick-fil-A you had food poisoning and become nauseated. Now just the sight of a Chick-fil-A chicken sandwich causes you to feel nauseated. What is the NS?
NS = Chick-fil-A chicken sandwich
The last time you ate chicken at Chick-fil-A you had food poisoning and become nauseated. Now just the sight of a Chick-fil-A chicken sandwich causes you to feel nauseated. What is the CS and the CR?
CS = Chick-fil-A chicken sandwich CR = nausea
Positive or Negative Punishment? A dog’s barking is punished with a spray of citronella
Positive Punishment
Positive or Negative Punishment? The teen is grounded for a week and not allowed to go out with their friends because they lied to their parents.
Negative Punishment
Review Watson’s experiment with Little Albert
Review UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR
this schedule of reinforcement has the greatest resistance to extinction
partial reinforcement
this schedule of reinforcement results in a quicker acquisition of behavior
continuous reinforcement
this schedule of reinforcement has a slower acquisition process
partial reinforcement
concepts within schedules: means the same/constant
fixed
concepts within schedules: means changes
variable
concepts within schedules: refers to number of responses
ratio
concepts within schedules; refers to time
interval
