Review 1 Glycolysis

Question 1

Liver

Answer 1

Fatty acid, glucose, amino acid

Question 2

Adipose Tissue

Answer 2

Fatty acid

Question 3

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 3

At rest: Fatty acid

Exertion: Glucose

Question 4

Heart Muscle

Answer 4

Fatty acid

Question 5

Brain

Answer 5

Fed state: glucose

Starvation: ketone bodies/glucose

Question 6

Kcal/cal (dry)
Carb
Protein
Fat

Answer 6

Carb=4
Protein=4
Fat=9

Question 7

Glycogenolysis

Answer 7

Glycogen–>Glucose

Stim: Glucagon, Epinephrine, Starve State

Question 8

Glycogenesis

Answer 8

Glucose–>Glycogen

Stim: Insulin, Fed State

Question 9

Glycolysis

Answer 9

Glucose–>Lactate and Pyruvate

Stim: Insulin, Fed State

Question 10

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 10

Non carb products–>Glucose

Stim: Glucagon, Epinephrine, Starve State

Question 11

3 stages to glycolysis

Answer 11

Priming Stage(ATP investment)
Splitting Stage
Oxidoreduction-phosphorylation stage (ATP earnings)

Question 12

3 irreversible enzymes of glycolysis

Answer 12

1. Hexokinase/Glucokinase
   Glucose–>Glucose 6 phosphate
2. PFK-1
   Fructose 6-phosphate–>Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
3. Pyruvate Kinase
   Phosphoenolpyruvate–>
   2 Pyruvate

Question 13

Hexokinase vs. Glucokinase

Answer 13

Hexokinase: All cell types, inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate, constitutive enzyme, low Km

Glucokinase: Liver and pancreas, Translocation between nucleus and cytosol, Fructose 6-P promotes translocation to nucleus(inactive), Glucose promotes translocation to cytosol(active), Inducible enzyme: enzyme synthesis increased by insulin, High Km

Question 14

Pyruvate Carboxylase Genetic Deficiency

Answer 14

increase in blood alanine, lactate and pyruvate levels

Diagnosis: Developmental Delay, Recurrent Seizures, Metabolic Acidosis

Question 15

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (PDH) genetic deficiency

Answer 15

Increases circulatory pyruvate and lactate concentration

Diagnosis: reduced head circumference (microcephaly), poor muscle coordination, and mental retardation

Question 16

What is the glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase reaction require? What is it used in?

Answer 16

NAD+

Glycolysis

Question 17

Anaerobic Respiration and replenishing NAD+

Answer 17

reduction reaction

Lactate or ethanol

Question 18

Aerobic respiration and replenishing NAD+

Answer 18

metabolite shuttle system

Question 19

NAD+ Regenerated by

Answer 19

Lactate Dehydrogenase (cytosolic reaction)

Malate-aspartate shuttle(cytosol and mitochondria)

Glycerol-phosphate shuttle (cytosol and mitochondria)

Question 20

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Answer 20

Pyruvate to Lactate

Question 21

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Answer 21

Multienzyme Complex (E1, E2, E3) catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate and coenzyme A to acetyl coA

Question 22

Cofactors needed for pyruvate dehydrogenase

Answer 22

Thiamine(TTP, B1)
Riboflavin (FAD, B2)
Niacin (NAD, B3)
Lipoate CoA (B5)

Question 23

Lactate Dehydrogenase A Deficiency

Answer 23

• NAD+ levels insufficient
• Glyceraldehyde 3-P-Dehydrogenase reaction inhibited
• ->Cant use glycolysis to produce ATP

Question 24

Glycolysis output

Answer 24

2 ATP net gain

Question 25

Oxygen is required for what two processes, which leads to anaerobic conditions to favor the formation of lactate

Answer 25

Reoxidation of mitochondrial NADH, formed in the reactions catalyzed by the PDH enzyme complex

Reoxidation of cytosolic NADH by mitochondrial linked shuttles

Low levels NADH–>decrease lactate formation

Question 26

enzymes deficient in Galactosemia

Answer 26

Galactokinase or Galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (most severe, and common)

Question 27

Galactosemia symptoms

Answer 27

Cant have Galactose (or Lactose)

Cataracts, Brain Damage, Jaundice, Enlarged Liver, Kidney Damage

Question 28

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Answer 28

Deficiency of Aldolase B (fructose bisphosphate aldolase-B)
-role in both glycolysis and gluconeogensis

-autosomal recessive

Symptoms
-hypoglycemia, fructose accumulation, high uric acid and lactic acid, fructose toxicity, vomiting, jaundice, hepatic failure

Treatment: avoid fructose