review 1

Question 1

Describe the heart trunks

Answer 1

brachiocephalic trunk - 1st branch of the aortic arch, bifurcates to R common carotid artery and R subclavian artery
Pulmonary trunk - bifurcates into R and L pulmonary arteries

Question 2

which segment of pressure volume loop is the longest

Answer 2

reduced passive filling

ie form D to A on the diagram

Question 3

equation for ejection fraction

Answer 3

100*SV/end diastolic volume

Question 4

SV from PV loop

Answer 4

distance between the vertical lines

Question 5

calculation for MAP

Answer 5

MAP = DBP + 1/3 pulse pressure

Question 6

DBP on PV loop

Answer 6

B - when the arteries are in diastole, pressure when aortic valve open ventricular pressure exceed aortic pressure. diagram shows pressure in the heart - need circulating pressure so take it mid-systole

Question 7

SBP in PV loop

Answer 7

C

Question 8

pulse pressure from PV loop

Answer 8

difference between C and B

Difference between systolic and diastolic bp

Question 9

calculation for pulse pressure

Answer 9

SBP - DBP

Question 10

calculation for cardiac output

Answer 10

SV*heart rate

Question 11

valves during the PV loop

Answer 11

A - mitral close ‘lub’
B - aortic open
C - aortic close - ‘dub’
D - mitral open

Question 12

phases of systole

Answer 12

A-C

Question 13

phases of diastole

Answer 13

C-A

Question 14

what does a thick line show on a PV curve

Answer 14

slower phase

Question 15

what phase of the loop denotes which phase of the cycle

Answer 15

A-B isovolumetric contraction
B-C ejection
C-D isovolumetric relaxation
D-A filling

Question 16

what is denoted by the end systolic PV line

Answer 16

contractility

line can move

Question 17

what is denoted by the end diastolic PV line

Answer 17

elastance - pre-load

willingness to distort to pressure

Question 18

where does the afterload line go

Answer 18

through c
x intercept below A-B line
can change gradient or be displaced

Question 19

what part of the heart is the pressure vol loop for

Answer 19

left ventricle

Question 20

what happens to the PV loop when you increase preload

Answer 20

large increase in end diastolic vol 
move up the ESPVR - higher force of contraction 
increase in end systolic volume 
displacement of afterload line
large increase in SV

Question 21

what happens to PV loop when you decrease preload

Answer 21

large decrease in EDPVR 
displacement of afterload line 
move down ESPVR line 
large decrease in SV 
large decrease in EDV 
decrease in ESV

Question 22

what happens to the PV loop when you increase afterload

Answer 22

little change to EDV 
decrease in SV
large increase in ESV 
little change ESPVR?
increase in gradient of AL

Question 23

what happens to the PV loop when you decrease afterload

Answer 23

Little change to EDV
increase in SV 
large decrease in ESV
decrease in gradient of AL 
little change to ESPVR

Question 24

what happens to the PV loop when you have aortic stenosis

Answer 24

narrowing of exit of L ventricle of heart
similar to increase in afterload
increase in EDV - eject less so already some in the heart at the start of diastole
decrease in SV
increase in gradient of AL
increase in ESV

Question 25

what happens to the PV loop when you in aortic regurgitation

Answer 25

very irregular shape 
isovolumetric contraction cant take place properly - needs a sealed heart
large increase in EDV 
Large increase in gradient AL 
decrease in DBP

Question 26

?what happens to the PV loop when you increase contractility?

Answer 26

EDV doesn’t change
large increase in gradient AL
decrease in ESV
increase in SV

Question 27

?what happens to the PV loop when you decrease contractility?

Answer 27

EDV increase
decrease AL gradient
increase in ESV
decrease in SV

Question 28

?what happens to the PV loop when you have mitral stenosis?

Answer 28

decrease preload
EDV decrease
ESV decrease
Larger decrease in SV

Question 29

?what happens to the PV loop when you have mitral regurgitation?

Answer 29

same as increase preload

ESV decrease - some backflow into veins?