Reversible Reactions and Industrial Processes

Question 1

What is an example of a reversible reaction

Answer 1

Unhydrated copper sulphate + water = hydrated copper sulphate

Question 2

What is the equation for the reversible copper sulfate reaction

Answer 2

CuSO(4) + H(2)O = CuSO(4) H(2)O

Question 3

How do we test for water in a copper sulfate and water reaction

Answer 3

Using anhydrous copper sulfate

Question 4

What is a closed system

Answer 4

Where reactants and products can’t escape

Question 5

What happens eventually with reversible reactions

Answer 5

They reach an equilibrium

Question 6

Name the process used to make ammonia

Answer 6

The haber process

Question 7

What chemicals are combined in the haber process to make ammonia

Answer 7

Hydrogen and nitrogen

Question 8

What conditions are used in the haber process to stop reactions from reversing

Answer 8

• Temperatures of about 450 degreees
• High pressure (200 atmospheres)
• An iron catalyst speeds up reactions

Question 9

What is the effect of a higher temperature with reversible reactions

Answer 9

To push the reaction in the direction of the smallest total number of molecules - this benefits producing ammonia, as it is a single product that has two reactants

Question 10

Why do high temperatures favour the backward reactions

Answer 10

Because the forward reaction is exothermic, and the backward reaction endothermic. High temperatures favour endothermic reactions.

Question 11

Why isn’t the haber process run at a very low temperature

Answer 11

Because below 400 degrees the reaction rate is too slow for profit

Question 12

What yield does a moderately high temperature give in a reasonable amount of time

Answer 12

15%

Question 13

How is ammonia removed from the cycle

Answer 13

It is liquified, while hydrogen and nitrogen just pass through the system repeatedly

Question 14

What makes ammonia identifiable

Answer 14

It is the only common gas which is an alkine

Question 15

What are distinctive qualities of ammonia

Answer 15

It has a sharp choking smell

Question 16

What is the formula for an ammonium ion

Answer 16

NH(4)(+)

Question 17

What happens when ammonium sulfate is mixed with sodium hydroxide and the mixture is heated

Answer 17

Ammonia is given off

Question 18

Give the equation for when ammonium sulfate and sodium hydroxide are mixed and heated

Answer 18

NH(4) + OH = NH(3) + H(2)O

Question 19

What is the last way to identify ammonia

Answer 19

Using hydrogen chloride gas - white smoke is made

Question 20

What do most fertilisers contain

Answer 20

Ammonia compounds, phosphorous and potassium

Question 21

What are the environmental problems with fertilisers

Answer 21

• The fertiliser stimulates plant growth in water
• The fastest growing plants are single celled organisms
• An algal bloom is created
• Everything in the water eventually dies

Question 22

What is the most commonly used fertiliser compound

Answer 22

Ammonium nitrate

Question 23

How is ammonium nitrate produced (equation por favor)

Answer 23

By neutralising ammonia solution with nitric acid
NH(3) + HNO(3) = NH(4)NO(3)
Ammonia + nitric acid = ammonium nitrate

Question 24

What is the reaction to mate ammonium nitrate known as

Answer 24

Neutralisation reaction

Question 25

What is another compound used for fertilisers

Answer 25

Ammonium sulfate (another neutralisation reaction)

Question 26

Give the equation to make ammonium sulfate

Answer 26

2NH(3) + H(2)SO(4) = (NH(4))(2)SO(4)

Question 27

What is sulfuric acid used for

Answer 27

- Making ammonium sulfate feriliser - It's the acid in vehicle batteries - Making fibres, paints and dyes - Dehydrating agent

Question 28

What does the reaction of sulfuric acid with sugar demonstrate

Answer 28

Its power as a dehydrating agent

Question 29

What is the formula for sucrose (sugar)

Answer 29

C(12)H(22)O(11) - The same proportions of hydrogen and oxygen as in water

Question 30

What happens when sucrose reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid

Answer 30

The hydrogen and oxygen are removed leaving only carbon

Question 31

What kind of reaction happens between sucrose and sulfuric acid

Answer 31

An exothermic one - the sugar basically caremalises and then turns black, and some of the water is evaporated, but gets stuck in the hardening carbon, causing the whole thing basically to grow

Question 32

What is sulfuric acid made by

Answer 32

The contact process

Question 33

What are the stages of the contact process

Answer 33

1. The manufacture of sulfur dioxide 2. The conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide 3. The conversion of sulfur trioxide into sulfuric acid

Question 34

How is sulfur dioxide made and what's the equation

Answer 34

By burning sulfur in excess oxygen (irreversible) S + O(2) = SO(2) Excess oxygen is used because the next stage needs the rest of it

Question 35

What does stage 2 of the contact process involve (equations)

Answer 35

Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to make sulfur trioxide (reversible) 2SO(2) + O = 2SO(3)

Question 36

What conditions is stage two of the contact process done under

Answer 36

- 450 degrees (same reasons as haber) - Normal pressure - Vanadium oxide as a catalyst

Question 37

What does stage 3 of the contact process involve

Answer 37

Sulfur trioxide reacts with water to make sulfuric acid, but the reaction is uncontrollable, so the sulfur trioxide has to be dissolved first for safety reasons

Question 38

What's the equation for making oleum

Answer 38

H(2)SO(4) + SO(3) = 2H(2)S(2)O(7)

Question 39

What's the equation for making sulfuric acid

Answer 39

H(2S(2)O(7) + H(2)O = 2H(2)SO(4)