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Chemistry WJEC > Reversible Reactions and Industrial Processes > Flashcards

Reversible Reactions and Industrial Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of a reversible reaction

A

Unhydrated copper sulphate + water = hydrated copper sulphate

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2
Q

What is the equation for the reversible copper sulfate reaction

A

CuSO(4) + H(2)O = CuSO(4) H(2)O

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3
Q

How do we test for water in a copper sulfate and water reaction

A

Using anhydrous copper sulfate

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4
Q

What is a closed system

A

Where reactants and products can’t escape

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5
Q

What happens eventually with reversible reactions

A

They reach an equilibrium

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6
Q

Name the process used to make ammonia

A

The haber process

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7
Q

What chemicals are combined in the haber process to make ammonia

A

Hydrogen and nitrogen

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8
Q

What conditions are used in the haber process to stop reactions from reversing

A
  • Temperatures of about 450 degreees
  • High pressure (200 atmospheres)
  • An iron catalyst speeds up reactions
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9
Q

What is the effect of a higher temperature with reversible reactions

A

To push the reaction in the direction of the smallest total number of molecules - this benefits producing ammonia, as it is a single product that has two reactants

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10
Q

Why do high temperatures favour the backward reactions

A

Because the forward reaction is exothermic, and the backward reaction endothermic. High temperatures favour endothermic reactions.

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11
Q

Why isn’t the haber process run at a very low temperature

A

Because below 400 degrees the reaction rate is too slow for profit

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12
Q

What yield does a moderately high temperature give in a reasonable amount of time

A

15%

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13
Q

How is ammonia removed from the cycle

A

It is liquified, while hydrogen and nitrogen just pass through the system repeatedly

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14
Q

What makes ammonia identifiable

A

It is the only common gas which is an alkine

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15
Q

What are distinctive qualities of ammonia

A

It has a sharp choking smell

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16
Q

What is the formula for an ammonium ion

A

NH(4)(+)

17
Q

What happens when ammonium sulfate is mixed with sodium hydroxide and the mixture is heated

A

Ammonia is given off

18
Q

Give the equation for when ammonium sulfate and sodium hydroxide are mixed and heated

A

NH(4) + OH = NH(3) + H(2)O

19
Q

What is the last way to identify ammonia

A

Using hydrogen chloride gas - white smoke is made

20
Q

What do most fertilisers contain

A

Ammonia compounds, phosphorous and potassium

21
Q

What are the environmental problems with fertilisers

A
  • The fertiliser stimulates plant growth in water
  • The fastest growing plants are single celled organisms
  • An algal bloom is created
  • Everything in the water eventually dies
22
Q

What is the most commonly used fertiliser compound

A

Ammonium nitrate

23
Q

How is ammonium nitrate produced (equation por favor)

A

By neutralising ammonia solution with nitric acid
NH(3) + HNO(3) = NH(4)NO(3)
Ammonia + nitric acid = ammonium nitrate

24
Q

What is the reaction to mate ammonium nitrate known as

A

Neutralisation reaction

25
Q

What is another compound used for fertilisers

A

Ammonium sulfate (another neutralisation reaction)

26
Q

Give the equation to make ammonium sulfate

A

2NH(3) + H(2)SO(4) = (NH(4))(2)SO(4)

27
Q

What is sulfuric acid used for

A
  • Making ammonium sulfate feriliser
  • It’s the acid in vehicle batteries
  • Making fibres, paints and dyes
  • Dehydrating agent
28
Q

What does the reaction of sulfuric acid with sugar demonstrate

A

Its power as a dehydrating agent

29
Q

What is the formula for sucrose (sugar)

A

C(12)H(22)O(11) - The same proportions of hydrogen and oxygen as in water

30
Q

What happens when sucrose reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid

A

The hydrogen and oxygen are removed leaving only carbon

31
Q

What kind of reaction happens between sucrose and sulfuric acid

A

An exothermic one - the sugar basically caremalises and then turns black, and some of the water is evaporated, but gets stuck in the hardening carbon, causing the whole thing basically to grow

32
Q

What is sulfuric acid made by

A

The contact process

33
Q

What are the stages of the contact process

A
  1. The manufacture of sulfur dioxide
  2. The conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide
  3. The conversion of sulfur trioxide into sulfuric acid
34
Q

How is sulfur dioxide made and what’s the equation

A

By burning sulfur in excess oxygen (irreversible)
S + O(2) = SO(2)
Excess oxygen is used because the next stage needs the rest of it

35
Q

What does stage 2 of the contact process involve (equations)

A

Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to make sulfur trioxide (reversible)
2SO(2) + O = 2SO(3)

36
Q

What conditions is stage two of the contact process done under

A
  • 450 degrees (same reasons as haber)
  • Normal pressure
  • Vanadium oxide as a catalyst
37
Q

What does stage 3 of the contact process involve

A

Sulfur trioxide reacts with water to make sulfuric acid, but the reaction is uncontrollable, so the sulfur trioxide has to be dissolved first for safety reasons

38
Q

What’s the equation for making oleum

A

H(2)SO(4) + SO(3) = 2H(2)S(2)O(7)

39
Q

What’s the equation for making sulfuric acid

A

H(2S(2)O(7) + H(2)O = 2H(2)SO(4)

Chemistry WJEC (8 decks)

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