Reverse Ddates Flashcards
Armistice signed…
What did it lead to
11th November 1918
Led to the stab in the back myth - Germany could have won the war had the army not been stabbed in the back by weak politicians who were too cowardly to fight on.
Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates…
What replaced him
1918
Weimar republic; democracy and free speach but start off unpopular due to stab in the back myth and has internal weaknesses; proportional representation and article 48
Spartacist uprising…
What happened
January 1919
Luxemburg and Liebknecht wanted a socialist uprising, occupied newspaper and communication buildings
The Weimar Government got the Freikorps to attack;
Liebnecht and Luxemburg killed along with 100 other communists
Treaty of Versailles….
Terms
Affect on Germany
28th June 1919
Land; lost all colonies (13% of land was removed) Saar –> France
Army; 1.75m –> 100,000, no aircraft/submarines, Rhineland demilitarised
Money; £6.6 billion in reparations
Blame; war-guilt clause
Feel vulnerable, angry and humiliated
Kapp Putsch
What happened
March 1920
Kapp and the Freikorps (right wing ex-soldiers) wanted a military right wing dictatorship
Marched to Berlin, took over, Weimar Government were forced to flee
But… the workers went on strike, no water, electricity or transport.
After four days Kapp fled and the Government was reinstated
Hitler made head of DAP…
What did he then do
1921
Changes name to National socialist German workers party - also known as the Nazi party and puts out the 25 point program
Red Rising in the Ruhr
1920
Communist putsch - crushed by Freikorps and 1000+ killed
Year of Crisis
Events
1923
Invasion of the Ruhr, Munich putsch Hyperinflation - Government prints paper money, influx causes the currency to lose it’s worth - prices spiral
French invasion of the Ruhr
January 1923
Germans defaulted on reparation payments and claimed they couldn’t pay anymore. French and Belgian forces invade the Ruhr and claim raw materials, Government orders workers to go on passive resistance
Munich Putsch
What happened
Successes
Failures
November 1923
Nazis storm a public meeting in a beer hall, force the Kahr of Bavaria at gunpoint to support them, let the Kahr go - he tells the Gov. Nazis are ambushed and 16 killed
+ Platform to spread ideals, established as key right wing figure, ballot not bullet, publicity for later book
- Hitler runs away - coward, can’t speak in public until 1927, 16 Nazis killed
Golden years
What happens
How people feel
1924-1929 Gustav Stressemann helps return economic and political stability. Some people still unhappy - middle class lost life savings, dependant on America, Stressemann - weak
The Dawes plan signed…
What it did
How do people feel
1924
Longer to pay and also American loans (invested in infrastructure).
Angry that Government still paying reparations
Mein Kampf published
1925
sets out Hitlers ideals,
Locarno Treaty…
1925
Sets out borders between countries
League of Nations
1926
Involved in international decisions
Stressemann also awarded a Nobel peace prize
Kellogg Briand pact
1928
Agree NEVER to go to war with eachother
Goebells put in charge of propoganda
1929 early October
Stressemann dies…
24th of October 1929
Wall Street Crash; American stock market crashes - reclaim loans made to Germany - firs go bankrupt and millions unemployed
Extreme poverty - public mad at Germans; cut unemployment benefits
1929
Stressemann died, Wall street crash
Young plan - longer to pay reparations
Himmler made head of SS
1930
Nazis win 107 seat in the Reichstag - desperate people, fear of communisms, charismatic leader, political troubles, weak opposition and propoganda
1932
40% of Factory workers unemployed
1 in 4 (6m) Germans unemployed
27th February 1933
Reichstage fire - blame on communist Van Der Lubbe, Hitler granted emergancy powers to uses them to arrest communists (and other groups who oppose the Nazis)
The Communist party was
made illegal
5th March 1933
Elections; Nazis won 52% of the vote - best yet; propaganda ad attack opposition (SA)
22m Germans don’t vote for him
24th March 1933
Enabling Act; end of democracy
Hitler can pass laws without the Reichstags permission
May 1933
Trade unions taken over -DAF
July 1933
One party state; only the Nazi party allowed
1933
1st concentration camp, marriage loans, boycott of Jewish businesses,
Concordat; agreement between Nazis and the Church
Von Papen deal; tries to capitalize on Nazi success - coalition - Papen vice chancellor and Hitler chancellor.
Thought he could control Hitler
30th June 1934
The night of the long knives;
Ernst Rohm and 400 SA leaders murdered.
Rohm kept demanding the SA and army be merged-army leaders wanted Hitler to act. Already potential opposition; SA was powerful (bigger than the army)
August 1934
Hindenburg dies; Hitler assigns himself Fuhrer (supreme leader)
Oath of loyalty
1934
Night of the Long Knives, Hindenburg died, Oath of loyalty
Triumph of the Will; propaganda film
5th September 1935
Nuremberg laws; non Jews and Jews can’t marry. Jews no longer German citizens.
Legalised racism; public aggression and first efforts to separate populations
1936
Four year plan
Himmler made chief of German police
9th-10th November 1938
Kristallnacht - Nazi supporters encouraged to smash up Jewish shops & synagogues, 91 Jews killed.
Active discrimination –> physical violence
1st September 1939
World War two declared
Warsaw ghetto sealed off
70% of Germans own a radio
1941
First Extermination camp
Euthanasia program ended
Death’s head unit set up
1942
Final solution
1943
Warsaw ghetto uprising
White Rose group leaders executed; handed out leaflets
20th July 1944
July Bomb plot - army officers attempt to blow up Hitler
5000 people executed in response
6th June 1944
D-Day
