Reveiw

Question 1

Domains
Archaea

Answer 1

Live in extreme environments like the first life-forms on Earth.

Question 2

Domains
Bacteria / Eukarya

Answer 2

Live in less harsh environments on modern Earth.

Question 3

Cellular arrangement
Archaea / Bacteria

Answer 3

Most are unicellular (Organism is 1 cell)

Question 4

Cellular arrangement
Eukarya

Answer 4

Some are unicellular / Most are multicellular

Question 5

Nucleus and DNA
Archaea / Bacteria

Answer 5

No Nucleus. DNA spread out in the cell.

Question 6

Nucleus and DNA
Eukarya

Answer 6

Nucleus stores DNA

Question 7

Name for these organisms
Archaea / Bacteria

Answer 7

Prokaryotes

Question 8

Name for these organisms
Eukarya

Answer 8

Eukaryotes

Question 9

Kingdoms of Classification
Archaea / Bacteria

Answer 9

Monera

Question 10

Kingdoms of Classification
Eukarya

Answer 10

Protist, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Question 11

Domains of life
Bacteria - prokaryotic

Answer 11

No internal membrane bound structures
Bacteriology: the study of bacteria ii. Archaea - prokaryotic
No internal membrane bound structures
Live in extreme environments
o Hot springs
o Volcanoes
o arctic

Question 12

Domains of life
Algae - eukaryotic

Answer 12

Membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
o Protist: not plant, animal, or fungi
o Photosynthetic
o Cell wall made of cellulose

Question 13

Domains of life
Fungi - eukaryotic

Answer 13

Membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
o Mycology: the study of fungi
o Cell wall made of chitin
o Multicellular fungi
o Mushrooms or mold
o Unicellular fungi
o yeast

Question 14

Domains of life
Protozoa - eukaryotic

Answer 14

Membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
Protozoology: the study of protozoa
Protist: not plant, animal, or fungi
Some use cilia (hair-like) or flagella (whip-like) structures to move
Some are parasitic
Parasitology: the study of parasites

Question 15

Domains of life
Viruses - acellular

Answer 15

Without a cell
Virology: the study of viruses
Protein + DNA or RNA
After incorporation into a cell, can multiply and infect host

Question 16

Elements in Living Cells

Answer 16

Macronutrients
Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur ii. Micronutrients
Sodium, potassium, Zinc, iron, copper, vanadium, and others ill. Organic molecules,Contain carbon

Question 17

Inorganic molecules

Answer 17

No carbon
1-1.5% of living cell’s mass

Question 18

Organic Molecules

Answer 18

o Biochemistry studies the chemistry of life, and its objective is to explain form and function based on chemical principles
o Organic chemistry studies carbon-based chemistry, which is the foundation for the study of biomolecules and the discipline of biochemistry

Question 19

The most abundant element

Answer 19

Hydrogen (H)
Followed by carbon (C)
Oxygen (0)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Sulfur (S)

Question 20

Macronutrients

Answer 20

(C, H, O, N, P, S) account for about 99% of the dry weight of cells.

Question 21

Micronutrients

Answer 21

or trace elements, are required by some cells in very small amounts.

Question 22

Micronutrients include

Answer 22

Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Zinc (Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Calcium (Ca)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Copper (Cu)
Cobalt (Co)
Manganese (Mn)
Vanadium (V)
All these elements are essential to the function of many biochemical
reaction, and therefore are essential to life

Question 23

PROTEINS

Answer 23

Amino Acid & Peptide Bonds General Structure
Hydrogen, Carboxy, Amino, R
R = side chain
Joined via peptide bonds

Question 24

Peptides

Answer 24

Oligopeptides
Polypeptides
Proteins

Question 25

Structure

Answer 25

Primary Sequence of amino acids Not rigid Tertiary

Question 26

Three-dimensional shape

Answer 26

Interactions between far apart amino acids Disulfide bridges Hydrogen bonds lonic bonds

Question 27

Native structure

Answer 27

Fully functional proteins Denatured

Question 28

Loss of three-dimensional shape

Answer 28

Quaternary Interaction of multiple polypeptides Hemoglobin

Question 29

Macromolecules

Answer 29

Large biomolecules Monomers = building blocks Dehydration synthesis Polymers = macromolecule

Question 30

Types of Microscopy

Answer 30

Bright-field Dark-field Fluorescence

Question 31

Bright-field

Answer 31

two or more lenses produce a dark image on a bright background

Question 32

Dark-field

Answer 32

includes an opaque light stop, which blocks any light not reflected off the structure from passing through

Question 33

Fluorescence

Answer 33

transmits a set excitation wavelength and collects a set emission wavelength to monitor fluorochromes

Question 34

FAME

Answer 34

Fatty acid methyl ester • Unique lipid profiles

Question 35

Fame Steps

Answer 35

Bacterial culture is grown Fatty acids are extracted and converted to methyl esters Gas chromatograph analyzes ester fingerprint Bacterium is identified

Question 36

MALDI-TOF

Answer 36

• Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry • Identifies unique biochemical composition

Question 37

MALDI-TOF Steps

Answer 37

•Grow microorganisms on plates •Irradiate sample •Mass spectrometer to measure gaseous ion •Compare mass spectrum of sample to reference spectra •Identified species