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Micro > Reveiw > Flashcards

Reveiw Flashcards

1
Q

Domains
Archaea

A

Live in extreme environments like the first life-forms on Earth.

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2
Q

Domains
Bacteria / Eukarya

A

Live in less harsh environments on modern Earth.

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3
Q

Cellular arrangement
Archaea / Bacteria

A

Most are unicellular (Organism is 1 cell)

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4
Q

Cellular arrangement
Eukarya

A

Some are unicellular / Most are multicellular

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5
Q

Nucleus and DNA
Archaea / Bacteria

A

No Nucleus. DNA spread out in the cell.

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6
Q

Nucleus and DNA
Eukarya

A

Nucleus stores DNA

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7
Q

Name for these organisms
Archaea / Bacteria

A

Prokaryotes

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8
Q

Name for these organisms
Eukarya

A

Eukaryotes

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9
Q

Kingdoms of Classification
Archaea / Bacteria

A

Monera

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10
Q

Kingdoms of Classification
Eukarya

A

Protist, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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11
Q

Domains of life
Bacteria - prokaryotic

A

No internal membrane bound structures
Bacteriology: the study of bacteria ii. Archaea - prokaryotic
No internal membrane bound structures
Live in extreme environments
o Hot springs
o Volcanoes
o arctic

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12
Q

Domains of life
Algae - eukaryotic

A

Membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
o Protist: not plant, animal, or fungi
o Photosynthetic
o Cell wall made of cellulose

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13
Q

Domains of life
Fungi - eukaryotic

A

Membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
o Mycology: the study of fungi
o Cell wall made of chitin
o Multicellular fungi
o Mushrooms or mold
o Unicellular fungi
o yeast

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14
Q

Domains of life
Protozoa - eukaryotic

A

Membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
Protozoology: the study of protozoa
Protist: not plant, animal, or fungi
Some use cilia (hair-like) or flagella (whip-like) structures to move
Some are parasitic
Parasitology: the study of parasites

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15
Q

Domains of life
Viruses - acellular

A

Without a cell
Virology: the study of viruses
Protein + DNA or RNA
After incorporation into a cell, can multiply and infect host

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16
Q

Elements in Living Cells

A

Macronutrients
Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur ii. Micronutrients
Sodium, potassium, Zinc, iron, copper, vanadium, and others ill. Organic molecules,Contain carbon

17
Q

Inorganic molecules

A

No carbon
1-1.5% of living cell’s mass

18
Q

Organic Molecules

A

o Biochemistry studies the chemistry of life, and its objective is to explain form and function based on chemical principles
o Organic chemistry studies carbon-based chemistry, which is the foundation for the study of biomolecules and the discipline of biochemistry

19
Q

The most abundant element

A

Hydrogen (H)
Followed by carbon (C)
Oxygen (0)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Sulfur (S)

20
Q

Macronutrients

A

(C, H, O, N, P, S) account for about 99% of the dry weight of cells.

21
Q

Micronutrients

A

or trace elements, are required by some cells in very small amounts.

22
Q

Micronutrients include

A

Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Zinc (Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Calcium (Ca)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Copper (Cu)
Cobalt (Co)
Manganese (Mn)
Vanadium (V)
All these elements are essential to the function of many biochemical
reaction, and therefore are essential to life

23
Q

PROTEINS

A

Amino Acid & Peptide Bonds General Structure
Hydrogen, Carboxy, Amino, R
R = side chain
Joined via peptide bonds

24
Q

Peptides

A

Oligopeptides
Polypeptides
Proteins

25
Q

Structure

A

Primary
Sequence of amino acids Not rigid
Tertiary

26
Q

Three-dimensional shape

A

Interactions between far apart amino acids
Disulfide bridges
Hydrogen bonds
lonic bonds

27
Q

Native structure

A

Fully functional proteins Denatured

28
Q

Loss of three-dimensional shape

A

Quaternary
Interaction of multiple polypeptides
Hemoglobin

29
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large biomolecules
Monomers = building blocks
Dehydration synthesis
Polymers = macromolecule

30
Q

Types of Microscopy

A

Bright-field
Dark-field
Fluorescence

31
Q

Bright-field

A

two or more lenses produce a dark image on a bright background

32
Q

Dark-field

A

includes an opaque light stop, which blocks any light not reflected off the structure from passing through

33
Q

Fluorescence

A

transmits a set excitation wavelength and collects a set emission wavelength to monitor fluorochromes

34
Q

FAME

A

Fatty acid methyl ester
• Unique lipid profiles

35
Q

Fame Steps

A

Bacterial culture is grown
Fatty acids are extracted and converted to methyl esters
Gas chromatograph analyzes ester fingerprint
Bacterium is identified

36
Q

MALDI-TOF

A

• Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass
spectrometry
• Identifies unique biochemical composition

37
Q

MALDI-TOF Steps

A

•Grow microorganisms on plates
•Irradiate sample
•Mass spectrometer to measure gaseous ion
•Compare mass spectrum of sample to reference spectra
•Identified species

Micro (5 decks)

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