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Micro > Anatomy Of Cells > Flashcards

Anatomy Of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Early Microbiology Fails
Spontaneous generation

A

“life can arise from non-living matter”

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2
Q

Spontaneous generation
Evidence for:

A

◦Fish in a puddle - Aristotle
◦Mice from leaky roof and moldy grain - Helmont
◦Contamination of broth - Needham

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3
Q

Spontaneous generation
Evidence against:

A

• No maggots on covered meat - Redi
• No contamination of boiled broth - Spallanzani
• Sterilization - Pasteur

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4
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

• No nucleolus
• No membrane-bound organelles
• Single, circular chromosome in the nucleoid
• Classified as bacteria or archaea
• Tend to be smaller than eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

Cell Wall

A

• Maintains cell morphology
• Protects cells from changes in osmotic pressure
• Peptidoglycan

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6
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Membranes = structures that enclose the cytoplasm and internal structures of a cell
◦All cells have a plasma membrane
◦Fluid mosaic model
◦Phospholipid bilayer

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7
Q

Membrane Transport
Simple diffusion

A

with concentration gradient across bilayer

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8
Q

Membrane Transport
Facilitated diffusion

A

with concentration gradient through membrane protein

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9
Q

Membrane Transport
Active transport

A

against concentration gradient through membrane pump
◦Ex. contraction of the cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Nucleoid

A

Concentrated region of prokaryotic DNA and nucleoid-associated proteins
◦Assist in organization and packaging of the chromosome

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11
Q

Plasmids

A

◦Small, circular strands of DNA
◦Carry certain genes essential to survival
◦Essential in early stages of biomedical research

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12
Q

Ribosomes

A

◦Responsible for protein synthesis
◦Made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
◦Prokaryotic cells are 70S (Svedberg or sedimentation units)
◦Two subunits (30S and 50S)

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13
Q

Inclusion Bodies

A

◦Cytoplasmic structures for excess nutrients
◦Many inclusion bodies store glycogen and starch (energy)

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14
Q

Volutin granules

A

store inorganic phosphates (biofilms)

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15
Q

Sulfur granules

A

store sulfur (metabolism)

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16
Q

Magnetsomes

A

store iron oxide or iron sulfide (alignment of cells along a magnetic field)

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17
Q

Carboxysomes

A

carbonic anhydrase and carboxylase (metabolism)

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18
Q

Appendages
Fimbriae

A

◦Short, bristle-like proteins
◦For surface or cellular attachment

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19
Q

Appendages
Pili

A

◦Longer and less numerous
◦For surface or cellular attachment and the transfer of DNA

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20
Q

Appendages
Flagella

A

◦Stiff filament
◦For moving in aqueous environments

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21
Q

Endospores

A

structures that protect bacterial genome in a dormant state

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22
Q

Sporulation

A

the process by which vegetative cells transform into endospores

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23
Q

Prokaryotes (mostly bacteria) outnumber human cells 10:1 on/in the human body”

A

Mostly in moist areas

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24
Q

Functions of Prokaryotes
Important for ecosystem stability

A

◦Soil formation
◦Development of biofilms
◦Nitrogen & carbon fixation
◦Degradation of toxic chemicals

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25
Q

Functions of Prokaryotes
But also dangerous

A

◦Pathogens (bacteria) account for ~1% of all prokaryotes
◦Food contamination
◦Climate change

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26
Q

Symbiotic Relationships
Prokaryotes exist in communities

A

groups of interacting populations of organisms

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27
Q

Symbiotic Relationships
Populations

A

groups of individual organisms belonging to the same biological species in a certain geographical area

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28
Q

Cooperative interactions

A

benefit each population

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29
Q

Competitive interactions

A

populations compete for resources

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30
Q

Symbiosis

A

interactions between different organisms within a community

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31
Q

Mutualism

A

both species benefit
◦Humans and bacteria of the intestinal tract (Bateroides thetaiotaomicron)

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32
Q

Amensalism

A

one species harms the other without any benefit to itself
◦Bacteria on the skin (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and pathogens

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33
Q

Commensalism

A

one species benefits without harm to the other
◦Bacteria on the skin (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and human skin cells

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34
Q

Parasitism

A

one species benefits by harming the other
◦Humans and pathogens (Tetanus, diphtheria, tuberculosis)

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35
Q

Human Microbiome Project
Information gathered so far:

A

◦Reference database for organisms in/on the human body
◦Most are beneficial
◦Several pathogens exist in healthy microbiota
◦Ex. S. pneumoniae
◦Several new species have been identified using genetic screening

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36
Q

Human Microbiome Project
Difficulties:

A

◦Many species of bacteria cannot be cultured yet

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37
Q

How do pathogens cause some people harm but not others?

A
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38
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Proteobacteria

A

a phylum of gram-negative bacteria based on similar genomes

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39
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Alphaproteobacteria

A

◦Gram-negative
◦Oligotrophs are capable of living in low nutrient environments
◦Obligate intracellular pathogens require part of life cycle to occur within a host cell

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40
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
R. ricettsii

A

Inflammation of brain tissue

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41
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Betaproteobacteria

A

◦Gram-negative
◦Utilize a wide range of metabolic strategies and survive in a wide-range of environments
◦Some are pathogens

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42
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
N. meningitides

A

◦Cocci living on mucosal surfaces
◦Grow in diplococcal pattern
◦Microaerophilic
Require low levels of oxygen

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43
Q

Legionnaires Disease
Gammaproteobacteria

A

• Most diverse class of gram-negative bacteria
• Gram-negative

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44
Q

Legionnaires Disease
Legionella pneumophilia

A

• Aquatic (typically found in warm water)
•Spreads in aerosols

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45
Q

Chlamydia

A

Class of nonproteobacteria
• Gram-negative
• Extremely resistant to cellular defenses
• Spread rapidly via elementary bodies

Elementary bodes = metabolically and reproductively inactive form of bacteria, “endospore-like”

46
Q

Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium

A

Actinobacteria = high G + C gram-positive bacteria (more than 50% guanine and cytosine)

47
Q

Tuberculosis
Bacilli covered with a mycolic acid coat

A

◦Protection from antibiotics
◦Makes gram staining difficult

48
Q

Tuberculosis
Treatment:

A

requires an extended treatment with a combination of several drugs
◦Drug resistance is an issue

49
Q

Strep Throat
Streptococcus:

A

Lactobacillales = low G + C gram-positive bacteria
◦Includes both bacilli and cocci

”twisted chain” responsible for a variety of infectious diseass

50
Q

Strep Throat
S. pyogenes:

A

Hemolytic = ability to lyse red blood cells

51
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Come in various shapes and sizes, but in general:
◦No cell wall (except some fungi, algae and plants)
◦Membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
◦Carefully ordered and regulated

52
Q

Eukaryotic
Nucleus

A

• Houses cell’s DNA organized into chromosomes
City bout condied stand of DNA
•Sureudit banueler membrane (or nuclear envelope)

53
Q

Eukaryotic
Endomembrane System

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome

54
Q

Eukaryotic
Endoplasmic reticulum

A

interconnected array of tubules and sacs

◦Rough – covered in ribosomes
◦Smooth – involved in synthesis of lipids

55
Q

Eukaryotic
Golgi apparatus

A

stacks of membraneous disks for protein modification

56
Q

Eukaryotic
Lysosome

A

”vacuums up any dirt”
Vesicles- could be anywhere

57
Q

Eukaryotic
Ribosomes

A

Organelle-associated ribosomes are 70S (just
like prokaryotic)
◦ Non-organelle-associated ribosomes are 80S (40S + 60S)
Antibiotics can selectively target prokaryotic ribosomes

58
Q

Non-organelle-associated ribosomes are 80S (40S + 60S)

A

◦ Free ribosomes – in cytoplasm for synthesis of soluble proteins
◦ Membrane-bound ribosomes – on rough endoplasmic reticulum for membrane proteins or exported proteins

59
Q

Antibiotics can selectively target prokaryotic ribosomes

A

◦ Sometimes bad
◦ Ex. chloramphenicol

60
Q

Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments:

A

◦ Intertwined strands of actin
◦ Muscle contraction

61
Q

Cytoskeleton
Intermediate filaments:

A

◦ Thicker than actin, but thinner than
microtubules
◦ Maintain position of nucleus and interactions between cells

62
Q

Cytoskeleton
Microtubules

A

◦ Hollow tubes
◦ Help with movement of organelles and vesicles
◦ Make up flagella and cilia

63
Q

Mitochondria

A

“The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the
cell”
◦ Site of aerobic cellular respiration
◦ Has its own genome and 70S ribosomes (from prokaryotes)
◦ Endosymbiotic theory

64
Q

Cell Membrane

A

◦ Similar to that of prokaryotic cells
◦ Sterols alter membrane fluidity (Cholesterol)
◦ Lipids maintain membrane stability and participate in cell signaling (Sphingolipids)

65
Q

Membrane Transport
Endocytosis

A

uptake of matter through plasma membrane invagination or vacuole/vesicle formation

66
Q

Membrane Transport
Exocytosis

A

release of contents out of the cell

67
Q

The Cell Cycle

A

◦ One cell divides to form two identical
daughter cells
◦ Interphase

68
Q

The Cell Cycle
Interphase

A

normal growth processes and replication of DNA
◦ G1 – cell growth
◦ S – DNA synthesis ◦ G2 – cell growth

69
Q

The Cell Cycle
Mitotic phase

A

alignment and separation of chromosomes, division of nucleus

70
Q

The Cell Cycle
Cytokinesis

A

physical separation of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells

71
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Isotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
Hypotonic solution

72
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water across a membrane

73
Q

Isotonic solution:

A

• Same solute concentration
as another solution
• No new movement of water
particles

74
Q

Hypertonic solution:

A

• Higher solute concentration
than another solution
• Crenation - water moves out
of cell

75
Q

Hypotonic solution:

A

• Lower solute concentration
than another solution
• Water moves into the cell – expansion, then lysis

76
Q

Prokaryotic cells are protected from…

A

changes in osmotic pressure

77
Q

Eukaryotic cells are highly…

A

susceptible to changes in osmotic pressure

78
Q

EUKARYOTES
Eukarya

A

Protists informally refers to a diverse group of microscopic eukaryotic organisms
•”animal-like”, “plant-like”, “fungus-like”
•Protists are named based on evolutionary history

79
Q

EUKARYOTES
Polyphyletic:

A

lack a shared evolutionary history

80
Q

EUKARYOTES
Important supergroups

A
  1. Amoebozoa
  2. Excavata
  3. Chromalveolata
  4. Opisthokonta
  5. Rhizaria
81
Q

Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
Protozoa

A
  1. Nonphotosynthetic
  2. Motile
  3. Always unicellular
  4. Many unique characteristics
82
Q

Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
Protozoa

A
  1. Nonphotosynthetic
  2. Motile
  3. Always unicellular
  4. Many unique characteristics
83
Q

Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
Amoebozoa

A

Includes protozoans that used amoeboid movement

84
Q

Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
F. septica

A
  1. Slime mold
  2. One giant cell with many nuclei
85
Q

Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
Chromalveolata

A

Includes but not limited to paramecium

86
Q

Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
T. microti

A

Apicomplexan = parasite with apical complex
Apical complex: cluster of cellular components allowing for parasite to enter host
Transmitted by ticks
Can be fatal

87
Q

Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
B. coli

A
  1. Cilate = have cilia on surface
  2. Only parasite cilate
88
Q

Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
Excavata

A

Includes but not limited to Euglena

89
Q

Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
T. brucei

A
  1. African sleeping sickness
  2. Tsetse fly bite leads to colonization in the blood and brain
90
Q

Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
Parasitic Helminths

A
  1. Belong to opisthokonta
  2. Animals that are included due to identification of microscopic eggs and larvae
    Roundworms (Nematoda)
    Flatworms (platyhelminths)
    c. Approximately half are parasitic
    d. Form multicellular animals with full organ systems
91
Q

Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
Fungi

A
  1. Belong to opisthokonta
  2. Mycoses are illnesses caused by fungi
  3. Molds are multicellular fungal bodies
    Hyphae = filaments that make up bodies of mold
  4. Yeasts are unicellular fungi
    Reproduce asexually via budding
92
Q

Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
Algae

A
  1. Belong to Chromalveolata and Archaeplastida
  2. Autotrophic protists
  3. Unicellular or multicellular
  4. Responsible for the production of ~70% of the oxygen and organic matter in aqueous environments
  5. Algal blooms occur when algae grows rapidly and out of control, producing high concentrations of toxins “red tide”
    Paralytic shellfish poisoning
93
Q

ACELLULAR PATHOGENS
Viruses

A

DNA + protein or RNA + protein
1. Capsid = protein coat
2. Enveloped vs nonenveloped

94
Q

Acellular

A

no cell

95
Q

Virions

A

new virus particles

96
Q

Host

A

necessary for production of virions

97
Q

Host range

A

species of organisms able to be infected by the virus

98
Q

Bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

99
Q

Vector

A

animal that transmits pathogen from one host to another

100
Q

Spikes

A
  1. May be on naked or enveloped capsids
  2. Allow virus to attach and enter cell
  3. Influenza virus
    H spikes – hemagglutinin
    N spikes – neuraminidase
    “H1N1”
101
Q

Life Cycle in Prokaryotic Hosts
Virulent phages

A
  1. Typically lead to death of the cell through cell lysis
  2. Lytic cycle
102
Q

Life Cycle in Prokaryotic Hosts
Temperate phages

A

Become part of a host chromosome and are replicated to make new viruses

103
Q

Life Cycle in Prokaryotic Hosts
Transduction

A
  1. Generalized – transfer of random bacterial chromosomal DNA during lytic cycle
  2. Specialized = excision and integration of the phage into the host genome during lysogenic cycle
104
Q

Life Cycle in Animal Hosts

A

i. Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release are similar to that in prokaryotic hosts
Tissue tropism: virus can only infect a certain type of cells within a certain host tissue (host specificity)
1. Ex. Polio virus infects tissues of brain or spinal cord only
Life cycle is dependent on form of genetic information presented by virus

105
Q

Life Cycle of HIV

A

i. HIV is enveloped, icosahedral retrovirus
ii. Retrovirus = carries a reverse transcriptase and single stranded RNA
iii. ssRNA  ssDNA  dsDNA

106
Q

Isolation and Culture of Cells

A

Require cells within a host or tissue culture
Identification
Vaccine production
Research

107
Q

HeLa Cells

A

i. Immortal cell line heavily used in biomedical research
Cervical cancer cells
see powerpoint for possible bonus point opportunity

108
Q

Virus Identification

A

i. Cytopathic effects
ii. Hemagglutination assays
iii. PCR assays
iv. Enzymatic assays

109
Q

Prions
Proteinaceous infectious particles

A
  1. Acellular
  2. DNA or RNAS
  3. Misfolded, rogue form of a normal protein
110
Q

Prions
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)

A
  1. Rare degenerative disorder
  2. Accumulation of rogue proteins causes brain tissue to become sponge-like
  3. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Micro (5 decks)

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