Retro Kidney/Ureter

Question 1

Anatomy of Kidney

Answer 1

• Regulation of water, electrolyte balance, pH
• Removal of waste from blood, excretion of urine
• Secretion of hormones (erythropoietin, Renin, Vit. D3)
• Paravertebral gutters: T12-L3 next to psoas major
• L1 = renal hilum
• Tilted sup. poles closer to midline
• Protected by ribs 11 & 12

Question 2

Layers of the kidney

Answer 2

-Outer/Renal fascia: Attaches kidney to post. ab wall, flexible for movement during respiration, covered by a layer fat
-Middle layer/perirenal fat: Protective cushion
-Innermost/renal capsule: Collagen fibers barrier against trauma, infection, etc.
Summary: Kidney hangs suspended by fibers and packed in soft adipose tissue.

Question 3

Internal anatomy of Kidney

Answer 3

• Outer = Cortex
• Inner = Medulla
• Bridge between Outer & inner=Renal columns
• Renal pelvis –>Major calyces –> minor calyces

Question 4

Blood supply to Kidneys

Answer 4

1. Abdominal artery
2. Renal artery
3. Interlobar artery
4. Arcuate artery
5. Interlobular artery
6. Afferent artery
7. Glomerulus (nephrons)
8. Efferent arteriole (nephrons)
9. Peritubular Capillaries (nephrons)
10. Venules
11. Renal vein (Left kidney)
12. IVC (Right kidney)

Question 5

Anatomy of Adrenal glands

Answer 5

• Cortex: Zona glomerulosa-aldosterone (mineral corticoid), Zona fasciculata-cortisol (GC), Zona reticularis-DHEA (androgen)
• Medulla: epinephrin & norepi

Question 6

Anatomy of the bladder

Answer 6

• Male: anterior to rectum above prostate
• Female: inferior to uterus, anterior to vagina
• Middle umbilical ligament: Superior border supports bladder
• Lateral umbilical ligament: sides of bladder
• Trigone: Triangular area bounded by openings of ureters & exit to urethra

Question 7

Micturition Reflex

Answer 7

• Stretch receptors stimulated when filled to 200 ml
• Afferent fibers to SC
• Contracts detrusor muscle & increases pressure
• Relax internal & external sphincter (external voluntary)