Retrieval Failure: Theory Of Forgetting

Question 1

What is the Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP)?

Answer 1

Cues needed to be encoded at the time of learning

Memory is most effective if the context present at encoding is also available at retrieval.

Question 2

What did Godden and Baddeley (1975) demonstrate in their study?

Answer 2

Environment aids recall

Deep sea divers learned words on land or underwater, showing that recall was better in the environment where learning occurred.

Question 3

What is retrieval failure?

Answer 3

Inability to access information due to absence of cues

Cues that were present at encoding must also be available for effective retrieval.

Question 4

What did Smith (1979) show about recall in different environments?

Answer 4

Thinking in the same room where learning occurred aids recall

This finding suggests that environmental context plays a significant role in memory retrieval.

Question 5

According to Goodwin et al. (1969), how does state-dependent forgetting work?

Answer 5

Recall accuracy is affected by internal states

Participants remembered lists better when they were in the same state (drunk or sober) as when they learned the information.

Question 6

What is the significance of internal cues in memory retrieval?

Answer 6

Bodily states experienced during learning affect recall

Examples include mood and physiological state.

Question 7

True or False: The Encoding Specificity Principle is easy to test.

Answer 7

False

It is difficult to test for items that have not been encoded in memory.

Question 8

What did Tulving and Psotka (1971) contribute to the understanding of forgetting?

Answer 8

Interference is due to absence of cues

They indicated that more lists of information could lead to interference when cues are not present.

Question 9

Fill in the blank: Memory is most effective if the _______ present at encoding is also available at retrieval.

Answer 9

[context]

Question 10

What type of design did Goodwin et al. (1969) use in their experiment?

Answer 10

Independent group design

This design helped to compare recall accuracy between different states (drunk vs sober).

Question 11

What is the role of mood in memory retrieval according to the studies mentioned?

Answer 11

Mood serves as an internal cue affecting recall ability

Changes in mood can hinder or facilitate the ability to remember information learned in a similar mood.