retrieval failure

Question 1

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 1

memory retrieval is improved when the encoding context is the same as the retrieval

Question 2

the 2 considerations for whether a cue will help recollection

Answer 2

Context dependent forgetting – godden + baddeley

State dependent forgetting – carter + cassaday

Question 3

What is the impact of cues differing at encoding/retrieval?

Answer 3

If they both differ or absent at one stage there will be some forgetting

Question 4

What is a meaningful cue

Answer 4

Information that is encoded at the time of learning which is stored in a meaningful way

Question 5

What is a non-meaningful cue?

Answer 5

Information available at the time of learning, which is not directly related to the encoded material (eg. Weather)

Question 6

Context dependent forgetting

Answer 6

recall is influenced by an external cue (eg. weather, or a place)

Question 7

State dependent forgetting

Answer 7

recall is influenced by an internal cue

Question 8

procedure of Godden & Baddeley

Answer 8

Deep sea divers learn a list of words either underwater or on land then asked to recall either on land or underwater

Question 9

findings of Godden & Baddeley

Answer 9

Accurate recall was 40% lower in non matching conditions

The external cues available at learning were different from the ones at recall and this led to retrieval failure

Question 10

Self dependant forgetting

Answer 10

When retrieval failure happens as the external emotional cues that were present at encoding are not present at recall

Question 11

procedure of Carter & Cassaday

Answer 11

p’s took anti histamine drugs (make u drowsy)

learn + recall a list of words or passages

Question 12

result of Carter & Cassaday

Answer 12

When there was a mismatch between internal state at learning and recall, performance on the memory test was lower

Question 13

A strength of forgetting theory - reliable

Answer 13

All study showed consistent results in a range of settings

The concept also happens widely in real life when people forget why they went into a room

Question 14

procedure of Overton

Answer 14

Asked p’s to learn material either drunk or sober . test them while drunk/sober

Question 15

findings of Overton

Answer 15

it was found recall was worse if in different internal state and best in same internal state.

Eg. Info learnt drunk was recalled best drunk

Question 16

strength of Overton

Answer 16

supported by similar findings by darely et al-investigating effects of marihuana

Question 17

A strength of Overton’s theory - it has good real-life application

Answer 17

Revising in the same room as where the exams r held in to have a more successful recall

Supported by Grant (1998) – studying in silence or with music

Question 18

limitation of the explanation of context dependent forgetting - Godden and baddeley

Answer 18

the context needs to be very different

Question 19

A limitation of the encoding specificity principle - methodological issues

Answer 19

Use of repeated measure design may have introduced demand characteristics and order effects or fatigue effects

Question 20

A limitation of the encoding specificity principle - it leads to circular reasoning in experiments.

Answer 20

Nairne - the cue and recall of a word need to rely on each other’s existence (encoding) to be tested so there is no way to test it