RETRIEVAL

Question 1

Retrieval

Answer 1

Getting information out of our memory / the locating and recovering of information from memory

Question 2

Retrieval cues

Answer 2

Search terms we use to activate memory. Ex. Google search.

Question 3

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 3

The more closely the retrieval clues match way the information was encoded, the better the information will be remembered.

Question 4

Mood-congruent memory (or state dependent memory)

Answer 4

A theory which says we tend to selectively remember memories that match (are congruent with) our current mood.

Question 5

Eidetic imagery

Answer 5

technical term for a photographic memory. can recall a memory in minute detail and portray the most interesting and meaningful parts most accurately. These images can last as short as a brief moment, or as long as days. more common in children.

Question 6

WORKING MEMORY

Answer 6

short term memory. It is the place where we sort and encode information before transferring it to long-term memory, or forgetting it.

Generally, it holds information for about 20 seconds, far longer than sensory memory. (7 pieces)

Question 7

Chunking

Answer 7

Coping mechanism for working memory. A chunk is any memory pattern or meaningful unit of memory.

Question 8

Rehearsal

Answer 8

Information is repeated to keep it from fading while in working memory.

Question 9

Spacing effect

Answer 9

The tendency for distributed practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through mass study or practice.

Question 10

Testing effect:

Answer 10

testing improves memory–enhanced memory after retrieving rather than just simply reading information. Ex. reading checks

Question 11

LONG TERM MEMORY

Answer 11

no limit to the duration or capacity of the long term memory.

Procedural memory (implicit), Declarative memory (explicit)

Question 12

Procedural memory (implicit)

Answer 12

knowing how
a memory that was not deliberately learned-no conscious awareness
Ex. Muscle memory—throwing a ball
Automatic processing

Question 13

Declarative memory (explicit)

Answer 13

knowing what
Explicit memory: a memory that had been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled.
Ex. The three stages of memory
Effortful processing

Question 14

Episodic Memory

Answer 14

Declarative memory - this is the portion of memory that stores personal events or “episodes.”
This is the storage of things like time and place.

Question 15

Semantic Memory

Answer 15

Declarative memory - This portion of memory stores general knowledge, facts and language meaning.
This is specifically where all the information you “know” is stored.

Question 16

Priming

Answer 16

Priming works by activating an association or representation in memory just before another stimulus or task is introduced.

Question 17

consolidation

Answer 17

information in the working memory is gradually changed over to long term memories.

Question 18

amygdala

Answer 18

strengthening memories that have strong emotional connections.

Question 19

Misinformation effect

Answer 19

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

Question 20

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 20

The inability to remember information previously stored in memory.

Question 21

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 21

The inability to form memories from new material (HM, 50 First Dates, Memento).

Question 22

Source Amnesia

Answer 22

can learn new facts, but have no memory for the source of this knowledge (Dory)

Question 23

Decay theory

Answer 23

unused memories fade gradually over time

Question 24

Interference theory

Answer 24

other memories interfere with retrieval
Interference mostly from similar memories

Question 25

Proactive interference

Answer 25

interference from prior learning

When an old memory disrupts the learning and remembering of a new memory.
Ex. Trying to put the dishes away at a new house

Question 26

Retroactive interference

Answer 26

interference from later learning

When a new memory blocks the retrieval of an old memory.
Ex. Driving an automatic after driving a manual

Question 27

serial position effect

Answer 27

Generally items in the middle are remembered less.

Primacy: relative ease of remembering the first information in a series.
Recency: Strong memories of the most recent information in a series

Question 28

Forgetting (7 sins) Daniel Schacter

Answer 28

1. Transience: the impermanence of long-term memories-based on the idea that memories gradually fade in strength over time-also known as “decay theory.”
2. Absent-mindedness: forgetting caused by lapses in attention.
3. Blocking: forgetting when a memory cannot be retrieved because of interference.
4. Misattribution: Memory faults that occur when memories are retrieved, but are associated with the wrong time, place or person.
5. Suggestibility: The process of memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion.
6. Bias: The influence of personal beliefs, attitudes and experiences on memory.
   Expectancy Bias: A memory tendency to distort recalled events to fit one’s expectations.
   Self-consistency Bias: A commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes and beliefs, over time, than we actually are.
7. Persistence: A memory problem where unwanted memories cannot be put out of our mind.