Retinaopathies

Question 1

What are the signs of Mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 1

Micro-aneurysms
Dot and Blot hemorrhages
hard exudates

Question 2

What are the signs of Moderate-to-severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 2

The above signs plus:
cotton-wool spots
venous bleeding
IRMA

Question 3

What shape does a hemorrhage take if the hemorrhage is more superficial and in the nerve fiber layer?

Answer 3

flame/splinter shape

Question 4

What results from occlusion of retinal pre-capillary arterioles supplying the nerve fibre layer with concomitant swelling of local nerve fibre axons and is often called “soft exudates?”

Answer 4

Cotton-wool spots

Question 5

What are yellow deposits of lipid and protein within the sensory retina that may form a circinate pattern and often associated with hyperlipidemia?

Answer 5

Hard exudates (Intra-retinal lipid exudates)

Question 6

What are dilated retinal capillaries or may represent intraretinal neovacularization which has not breached the internal limiting membrane of the retina?

Answer 6

IRMA

Question 7

What is the leading cause of visual loss amongst diabetics?

Answer 7

Clinically Significant Macular Edema (CSME)

Question 8

What may cause intractable glaucoma?

Answer 8

Rubeosis iridis

Question 9

What are the 1st ophthalmoscopically detectable change in a DR and appear as red dots usually seen in the posterior pole?

Answer 9

Retinal microaneurysms

Question 10

What are globules of mucoproteins and mucopolysaccharides that progressively calcify in the optic disc?

Answer 10

Optic disc drusen

Question 11

What is characteristic with central retinal artery occlusion?

Answer 11

Cherry red spot at fovea