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Ophthalmology > Retina Disorders > Flashcards

Retina Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Hypopyon, , redness, blurred/loss of vision, eye pain

A

Posterior Uveitis

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2
Q

Causes of posterior uveitis

A

Commonly systemic disease
Autoimmune, sarcoidosis, IBD, Syphilis, TB, MS

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3
Q

What is posterior uveitis?

A

Inflammation of the retina and vitreous humor

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4
Q

Posterior uveitis TX

A

Urgent referral to ophthalmology
TX underlying condition
Anti-inflammatory/ABX as needed

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5
Q

Unilateral blurry/impaired vision, injection, photophobia

A

Choroiditis

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6
Q

What is choroidal melanoma?

A

Metastatic cancer that has spread to choroid

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7
Q

What cancers most commonly metastasize to the choroid?

A

Breast cancer
Lung cancer

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8
Q

Optic nerve swelling due to increased intracranial pressure

A

Papilledema

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9
Q

How can papilledema lead to permanent blindness?

A

Can cause obliteration of the optic cup and hyperemia

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10
Q

What are signs of papilledema that would be found during a fundoscopic exam?

A

Blurring of optic disc margins
Fullness/engorgement of optic veins

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11
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness in the western world, in px < 50 y.o.?

A

Diabetic retinopathies

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12
Q

What happens in diabetic retinopathies?

A

Diabetes px lose vision as a result of injury to retinal vasculature

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13
Q

What is the main difference between proliferative and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathies?

A

Proliferative has angiogenesis
Nonproliferative does not have angiogenesis

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14
Q

Retinal hemorrhages, yellow lipid exudates, dull-white cotton wool spots, microaneurysms, occluded/dilated vessels

A

Nonproliferative retinopathy

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15
Q

Severe acute glaucoma, clouding vision, retinal detachment, scotomata, abnormal red reflex, hemorrhaging

A

Proliferative retinopathy

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16
Q

What is important to know about severe nonproliferative retinopathy?

A

High chance of it progressing into proliferative retinopathy

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17
Q

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy TX

A

Strict glycemic control
Retinal laser photocoagulation

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18
Q

Slight opacification of macula, microaneurysms, hard exudates close to fovea, decreased central vision, retinal thickening

A

Diabetic macular edema

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19
Q

Diabetic macular edema TX

A

Refer to ophthalmology

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20
Q

What is the normal A:V ratio?

A

1:2

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21
Q

Scotomata, sudden decreased vision,, AV nicking, A:V = 1:3

A

Hypertensive retinopathy

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22
Q

Arteriole stenosis looks like a?

A

Copper wire

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23
Q

Arteriole sclerosis looks like a?

A

Silver wire

24
Q

What causes hypertensive retinopathy?

A

Chronic hypertension that causes thickening of vessel walls and narrowing of vessel lumen

25
Q

What is AV nicking?

A

Retinal arteries indenting retinal veins as they cross

26
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy TX

A

Tx underlying HTN

27
Q

Transient, monocular blindness. clouding of vision, pale retina, red area over macula

A

Amaurosis fugax

28
Q

Dilated, tortuous veins, “stormy sunset” hemorrhages

A

Retinal vein occlusion

29
Q

Retinal vein occlusion is an

A

Emergent condition
Ophthalmologic emergency

30
Q

Blood dyscrasia, Factor V Leiden, Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Thrombosis/embolus

A

Causes of retinal vein occlusion

31
Q

Attenuation of retinal blood vessels, waxy pallor of optic disc, retinal pigmentation in bone-spicule pattern

A

Retinitis pigmentosa

32
Q

Gradual loss of night vision or peripheral vision, photopsia (shimmering lights), scotomata

A

Retinitis pigmentosa

33
Q

What is retinitis pigmentosa?

A

Inherited disease that causes progressive degeneration of the retina

34
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa dx tools

A

Formal VF testing
Thorough family hx
Genetic studies

35
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa TX

A

Vitamin A supplements

36
Q

What is the leading cause of adult blindness?

A

Age related macular degeneration

37
Q

Distorted vision/metamorphosia, very gradual loss of vision

A

Age related macular degeneration

38
Q

In age related macular degeneration, _____________ vision is preserved, while ____________ vision worsens/is lost

A

Peripheral = Preserved
Central is lost

39
Q

Age related macular degeneration TX

A

Immediate referral to ophthalmology

40
Q

What are Drusen deposits?

A

Small bright yellow deposits

41
Q

What is geographic atrophy?

A

Cell death in areas of larger deposits

42
Q

Drusen deposits, retinal atrophy/retinal scar, geographic atrophy

A

Atrophic macular degeneration

43
Q

Atrophic macular degeneration is also known as?

A

Dry macular degeneration

44
Q

Atrophic macular degeneration TX

A

Statin therapy
SCT
Daily vitamin/antioxidant
Smoking cessation

45
Q

PX with HX of smoking, CVD, and/or alcohol abuse
Growth of abnormal blood vessels in subretinal space, pooling of blood beneath retina

A

Exudative macular degeneration

46
Q

Exudative macular degeneration is also known as?

A

Wet macular degeneration

47
Q

Exudative macular degeneration causes what % of blindness?

A

80%

48
Q

Exudative macular degeneration TX

A

IV endothelial growth factor
Photodynamic therapy
Daily vitamin/antioxidant
Smoking cessation

49
Q

Sudden painless monocular vision loss
Jaw/neck pain, tender scalp
Impaired color vision

A

Ischemic optic neuropathy

50
Q

Diagnostic finding of ischemic optic neuropathy

A

Marcus-Gunn pupil
Swinging flashlight sign
Swollen optic nerve head

51
Q

Risk groups for ischemic optic neuropathy

A

Elderly
Giant cell arteritis
HTN, diabetes

52
Q

Ischemic optic neuropathy TX

A

Immediate referral to ophthalmology
Can be TX’ed in the ER

53
Q

Photopsia, floaters, metamorphosia, decreased vision, cobwebs

A

Retinal detachment

54
Q

What are the two types of retinal detachment? Which is more common?

A

Tractional (more common)
Traumatic

55
Q

What is tractional retinal detachment?

A

Scar tissue in vitreous gel contracts, pulling on the retina

56
Q

Marcus Gunn pupil, unilateral VF loss, retinal ruggae

A

Diagnostic findings of retinal detachment

57
Q

Retinal detachment TX

A

Immediate consult w/ ophthalmology
Surgical intervention

Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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