Posterior Chamber/ Refractive Errors

Question 1

Loss of red reflex, gradual loss of color vision and VA, poor night vision, difficulty with reading fine print

Answer 1

Cataract

Question 2

Causes/risk factors of cataracts

Answer 2

Aging, trauma, diabetes, smoking, sunlight, congenital

Question 3

Cataract TX

Answer 3

Wait for cataract to mature
Surgical TX (artificial lens)

Question 4

VA < 20/20

Answer 4

Refractive error

Question 5

Gradual loss of near vision, px is holding reading material far away from their eyes

Answer 5

Presbyopia

Question 6

What happens to the eye in presbyopia?

Answer 6

Lens hardens and loses its flexibility
Slow progressive failure of accomodation

Question 7

What does the px develop if they have presbyopia?

Answer 7

Hyperopia (farsightedness)

Question 8

Presbyopia TX

Answer 8

Reading glasses
Refer to optometrist for proper fitting

Question 9

Myopia

Answer 9

Nearsightedness

Question 10

What anatomical defect causes myopia?

Answer 10

The globe is too big and causes the image to fall in front of the retina which causes it to be perceived as blurry

Question 11

Myopia TX

Answer 11

Corrective lenses

Question 12

Hyperopia

Answer 12

Farsightedness

Question 13

What anatomical defect causes hyperopia?

Answer 13

The globe is too small and causes the image to fall past the retina

Question 14

Hyperopia TX

Answer 14

Corrective lenses

Question 15

Astigmatism

Answer 15

Change in corneal shape that causes blurring

Question 16

Amblyopia

Answer 16

Reduction in VA due to abnormal childhood development

Question 17

Amblyopia is commonly unliateral/bilateral?

Answer 17

Unilateral

Question 18

≥ 2 line difference in VA
VA > 20/40 in PX 4+
VA > 20/50 in PX ≤ 2

Answer 18

Amblyopia

Question 19

Amblyopia TX

Answer 19

Patching

Question 20

How does patching work? How long do you patch for?

Answer 20

Patch the good eye to strengthen the bad eye
2 hours/day

Question 21

3 types of amblyopia

Answer 21

Strabismic
Refractive
Deprivational

Question 22

Most common type of amblyopia

Answer 22

Strabismic

Question 23

Strabismic amblyopia is also known as

Answer 23

Lazy eye

Question 24

What happens in amblyopia is left untreated? Why is this important?

Answer 24

Brain will shut down the eye to prevent diplopia
Very difficult to TX once eye is shut down

Question 25

What are the 4 types of strabismus?

Answer 25

Esotropia (inward)
Exotropia (outward)
Hypertropia (upward)
Hypotropia (downward)

Question 26

Image in one eye is not focused due to uncorrected refractive error(s)

Answer 26

Refractive amblyopia

Question 27

Least common but most severe form of amblyopia

Answer 27

Deprivational amblyopia

Question 28

What can causes deprivational amblyopia?

Answer 28

Congenital cataracts
Ptosis
Vitreous hemorrhage
Severe refractive errors

Question 29

When to refer a PX to ophthalmology for suspected amblyopia?

Answer 29

2+ line difference in VA between eyes
VA worse than 20/40 in PX 4+
VA worse than 20/50 in PX ≤ 2
Abnormal ocular alignment
Abnormal red reflex
Asymmetric vision
Unilateral Ptosis
Lesion obscuring visual axis

Question 30

Key hole pupil

Answer 30

Coloboma

Question 31

Coloboma cause

Answer 31

Chromosome 22 defect
Trauma

Question 32

What is important to remember about coloboma?

Answer 32

Can extend farther back into the eye
Vision can be affected