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SP15 Anatomy 3 > Reticular Formation & Cerebellum > Flashcards

Reticular Formation & Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

The ___ ___ is phylogenetically a very old neural network.

A

reticular formation

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2
Q

The reticular formation is a polysynaptic network in the ____ that continues rostrally into the ___ and ____.

A

brainstem; thalamus; hypothalamus

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3
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A 
Posture
stereotypic motor behaviors
internal environment
pain regulation
sleep and wakefulness
emotional tone
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4
Q

what are the three longitudinal zones (medial to lateral) of the reticular formation?

A

raphe (median) nuclei; medial (paramedian) zone; and lateral zone

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5
Q

The raphe nuclei is immediately adjacent to which plane?

A

sagittal

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6
Q

Which zone contains a mixture of large and small neurons and is a source of most ascending and descending projections?

A

medial zone

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7
Q

where is the the lateral zone prominently located?

A

rostral (upper) medulla and caudal (lower) pons

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8
Q

which zone is primarily involved in cranial nerve reflexes and visceral functions?

A

lateral zone

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9
Q

what two reticulospinal tracts are involved in movement control?

A

medial and lateral

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10
Q

What area of the brainstem does the medial RST begin?

A

pons

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11
Q

T/F. The medial RST remains ipsilateral as it descends.

A

True.

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12
Q

The medial RST descends near the ____ and in the ___ ____.

A

MLF; anterior funiculus

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13
Q

What area of the brainstem does the lateral RST begin?

A

medulla

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14
Q

The lateral RST descends ____ in the ____ funiculus.

A

bilaterally; lateral

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15
Q

why is the reticular formation a major alternative to corticospinal tract in regulating spinal motor neurons?

A

It influences spinal motor neurons directly and regulates spinal reflexes - so that only noxious stimuli evoke a reflex.

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16
Q

what are six examples of rhythmic motor patterns found in the brainstem reticular formation?

A
  1. gaze centers
  2. mastication
  3. locomotion (pons)
  4. heart rate
  5. respiration
  6. swallowing/vomitting
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17
Q

what three rhythmic motor patterns are controlled by the medulla’s “vital center”?

A

heart rate
respiration
swallowing/vomitting

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18
Q

A 25 y/o male presents complaining of jaw muscle discomfort upon waking. You notice abnormal wear of the teeth. What is the diagnosis?

A

Bruxism

sounds, abnormal wear of teeth, jaw muscle discomfort upon waking, and seen in younger individuals

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19
Q

With sleep bruxism, all muscles are in a state of ___.

A

atonia

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20
Q

T/F. In bruxism, the jaw muscles are co-contracted.

A

True. Both jaw opening and jaw closing muscles are contracted at the same time

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21
Q

what are the two theories on bruxism?

A

peripheral causes and central causes theories

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22
Q

Which theory states that malocclusion results in premature and one-sided contact?

A

peripheral causes theory

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23
Q

In peripheral causes theory, jaw movements continue in an attempt to reach the ___ position.

A

resting

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24
Q

What is the peripheral causes theory based on?

A

clinical observations and experience with treatment

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25
Q

With central causes theory of bruxism, what is the cause?

A

sleep related dysfunctions

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26
Q

Input to the _____ nucleus may be from ___ ___, lateral ____, and central nucleus of the ____.

A

supratrigeminal; basal ganglia; hypothalamus; amygdala

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27
Q

What pathway is key to the fact that the nervous system can suppress or facilitate pain, depending on the circumstances?

A

reticular formation

28
Q

T/F. The periaqueductal gray is central to one well described pain excitation system.

A

False, The PAG is central to pain SUPPRESS system

29
Q

PAG receives pain info from _____ fibers.

A

spinomescencephalic

30
Q

PAG may also contain ___ state info - for example, should pain suppression be activated?

A

behavioral

31
Q

Describe the pathway of RF and pain?

A

PAG to (magnus) raphe nucleus (in medulla) then to posterior horn or spinal cord/spinal V nuclues

32
Q

Many fibers of RF liberate ___, which excites inhibitory interneurons in the posterior gray horn and spinal trigeminal nucleus.

A

serotonin

33
Q

Raphe can inhibit ___ directly or indirectly by activating interneurons that inhibit ___. It can also directly inhibit pain ___(afferents/efferent).

A

STT(spinothalamic tract); STT; afferents

34
Q

___ receptors are abundant in PAG, raphe and posterior horn of the cord

A

Opiate

35
Q

A lot of ___ information reaches the RF, which responds to environmental changes and projects to brainstem ____ nuclei and spinal cord.

A

visceral; autonomic

36
Q

T/F. Centers controlling inspiration, expiration rhythm of breathing are located in the midbrain.

A

False. Pons and Medulla

37
Q

T/F. Heart rate and blood pressure are controlled in the medulla.

A

true.

38
Q

RF projects to the ___ and ___ for arousal and consciousness.

A

thalamus and cortex

39
Q

___ and ___ RF get input from multiple sensory modalities (e.g. pain) and project to ____ ____ nuclei, which project diffusely to the cortex.

A

Midbrain and pons; thalamic intralaminar

40
Q

Which RF projections work together to modulate cortical activity?

A

thalamic intralaminar nuclear projections to cortex and monoamine reticular projections

41
Q

___ (Unilateral/Bilateral) damage to the midbrain RF results in prolonged coma. This is known as the ___ ___ ___ ___ (ARAS). This system also has a role in sleep-wakefulness cycle.

A

Bilateral; ascending reticular activating system

42
Q

What neurochemicals affect the brainstem? Hypothalamus? Telencephalon?

A

NE, dopamine, serotonin

Histamine containing neurons

Acetylcholine

43
Q

NE neurons are found in the ___ ___ of the medulla and ___ ___ and VL medulla of the ___ pons.

A

solitary nucleus; locus ceruleus; rostral

44
Q

NE neurons are found in the ___ ___ of the medulla and control memory enhancement. They are also found in the ___ ___ and VL medulla of the ___ pons.

A

solitary nucleus; locus ceruleus; rostral

45
Q

T/F. The locus ceruleus controls pain regulation and the ventralateral medulla is involved in cortex (arousal) vigilance and attention, which is more active in attentive situations.

A

False, locus ceruleus = cortex (arousal) vigilance and attention, which is more active in attentive situations. Ventralateral medulla is involved in pain regulation via the spinal cord.

46
Q

NE projections in the locus ceruleus innervate practically the entire CNS with heavy projections going to the ___ cortex.

A

somatosensory

47
Q

Stimulation of the ___ ___ produces increased state of arousal. NE released in the ___ facilitates attention to that stimuli. NE released in the ___ ___ nucleus and spinal cord suppresses incoming ___ signals.

A

locus ceruleus; cortex; trigeminal spinal; pain

48
Q

Patients suffering from clinical depression have decreased levels of what neurotransmitter?

A

NE

49
Q

Depression and decreased ___ leads to reduced locus ceruleus activity. Patients suffering from ___ disease have lost neurons in the locus ceruleus and suffer from depression.

A

NE; Parkinson’s

50
Q

Pain disorder is associated with what neurotransmitter?

A

increased levels of NE

51
Q

Where can you find dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain?

A

substantia nigra (putman and caudate) and the ventral tegmental area (limbic system)

52
Q

What are the two tracts of the ventral tegmental area?

A

mesolimbic and mesocortical

53
Q

The ___ tract project fibers to the limbic system, specifically the nucleus ___ where there is a sense of reward and ___ dependency.

A

mesolimbic; accumbens; drug

54
Q

The ___ tract sends fibers to the ___ cortex that organizes and initiates behavior.

A

mesocortical; frontal

55
Q

What area is implicated in the development of disorganized thinking (frontal lobe) and hallucinations (limbic system) in patients suffering from schizophrenia?

A

ventral tegmental area

56
Q

Social withdrawal in schizophrenic patients is due to ___ levels of dopamine in the ___ cortex. Hallucinations are caused by ___ levels of dopamine in the ___ system.

A

low; prefrontal; high; limbic

57
Q

T/F. Drugs that lower the level of dopamine are effective in reducing hallucinations.

A

True.

58
Q

Serotonergic neurons are located in all brainstem levels in the ___ nuclei. Projections are very extensive to ___ and ___ areas.

A

Raphe; sensory; limbic

59
Q

How do serotonergic neurons of the raphe nuclei play a role in attention?

A

by inhibiting distracting stimuli

60
Q

Which raphe nuclei plays a role in pain suppression?

A

nucleus raphe magnus

61
Q

What type of serotonin drugs are given to depressed patients?

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

62
Q

What do low levels of serotonin lead to?

A
  1. high carbohydrate consumption (obese women)

2. binge eating

63
Q

What do high levels of serotonin lead to?

A

compulsive behavior and anorexia nervosa

64
Q

Drugs that increase the level of serotonin are used to treat…

A

Depression

Anxiety

65
Q

___ is a neurotransmitter of ___ neurons found in the basal forebrain and basal nucleus(of Meynert). It is also part of the RF in the ___ ___ ___.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh); dorsolateral pontine tegmentum

66
Q

Damage to cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain or basal nucleus lead to what disease?

A

Alzheimer disease

67
Q

How do cholinesterase inhibitors work?

A

slow breakdown of ACh

SP15 Anatomy 3 (10 decks)

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