Respiratory System - Histo Flashcards
What are the three principle functions?
- Air conduction
- Air Filtration
- Gas Exchange (respiration)
What other functions does the respiratory system perform?
- Speech (phonation) – air passing through the larynx is used for speech
- Olfactory Sensation – air passing over the olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavities carries stimuli for sense of smell (olfactory sensation)
What is the functional division of the respiratory system?
- conducting division
2. respiratory division
The ___ division has air passageways that lead to areas of respiration and begin with the nasal cavity and end with terminal bronchioles.
conducting
The ___ division is where gas exchange takes place and extends from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli.
respiratory
What does it mean for air to be “conditioned” as it moves through the conducting portion?
warming, moistening, and removal of particulate materials
___ and ___ secretions moisten the air, trap particles, and prevent the dehydration of the epithelium.
Mucous and serous
What structure sweeps the mucous with the trapped particulate matter toward the pharynx to be swallowed?
cilia
What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?
cilitated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
There are also areas which contain nonkeratinized stratified squamous epi
What different cell types rest on the respiratory epithelium’s thick basement membrane?
ciliated columnar cells
goblet cell
basal cells (stem cells)
What two structures make up the conducting systems mucosa layer?
respiratory epithelium and lamina propria
The ___ ___ has ___ connective tissue and contain ___ ___ that warm the air. They can contain mucous glands with ___ ___ to supplement the goblet cell secretions.
lamina propria; loose; blood vessels; serous demilunes
What are the three layers of the conducting systems wall?
mucosa
submucosa
adventitia
The pharynx connects nasal and oral cavities to ___ and ___ and is a passageway for food and air. It has respiratory epithelium and some stratified squamous epithelium.
larynx; esophagus
What are the three divisions of the pharynx?
nasophaynx
orophaynx
laryngophaynx
List the epithelial layer for each section of the pharynx.
Nasopharynx - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Oropharynx - nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx - nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The ___ is superior to the soft palate and becomes closed off by the soft palate and uvula when ___.
nasopharynx; swallowing
The ___ is continuous with both the espophagus and the larynx.
laryngopharynx
The ___ conducts air and serves as the organ for speech (i.e., phonation) and is covered with ___ ___. The luminal surface of the ___ ___ is covered with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium along with a large portion of the epiglottis.
larynx; respiratory epithelium; vocal folds
What is the purpose of the larynx containing cartilage?
for maintaining an open airway as well as sound production and a valve during swallowing
Which larynx cartilages are made of hylaine cartilage?
thyroid and cricoid cartilages
Which cartilages are made of elastic cartilage?
epiglottis, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages
Which cartilage of the larynx is mixed with hyaline and elastic cartilage?
arytenoid cartilage
T/F. The more taut the vocal cords, the slower they vibrate and the lower the pitch.
False, the more taut the vocal cords, the more RAPIDLY they vibrate and the HIGHER the pitch.
Intrinsic muscles connected to arytenoid cartilages contract and pull on ___ cartilages which loosens or tightens the vocal cords to change the ___ of sounds.
arytenoid; pitch
Males have longer and thicker vocal cords that ___ pitch and vibrate more ___. Females have shorter and thinner vocal cords that create a ___ pitch and ___ vibrations.
lower; slowlyl higher; faster
What is found posterior to the “C” -shaped rings of hyaline cartilage of the trachea?
fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)
What does the tracheal cartilages and trachealis muscles separate?
the submuscosa from the adventitia
What are the layers of the trachea wall?
- mucosa with respiratory epi on THICK basement membrane and lamina propria with lots of elastic tissue
- submucosa (loose CT) with glands composed of mucus-secreting acini with serous demilunes
- carilaginous layer with trachealis muscle
- adventitia
As the conducting passageways branch and their diameter becomes smaller, the amount of ___ decreases, smooth muscle ___ and the height of the lining of epithelial cells ___.
cartilage; increases; decreases
The sympathetic system ___ smooth muscle and ___ airways to improve lung ventilation.
relaxes; dilates
The ____ system constricts ___ ___ and airways.
parasympathetic; smooth mucles
Which main (primary) bronchi is shorter, wider and more vertical placing people as risk for objects to aspirate there?
right main bronchus
The right lung has ___ lobes and lobar bronchi and the left lung has ___lobes and lobar bronchi.
three; two
The left lung has ___-___ bronchopulmonary segments but the right lung has ___.
8-10; 10
What makes each bronchopulmonary segment convenient for surgical resection of a segment?
each bronchopulmonary segment has its own blood supply and connective tissue septa
The ___ ___ within the wall of the bronchi will increase as the cartilage decreases and the height of the ____ columnar epithelial cells decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter.
smooth muscle; pseudostratified
What are the wall layers of bronchi?
- mucosa with respiratory epi and lamina propria
- muscularis
- submucosa (glands present in larger bronchi)
- cartilaginous layer - decreases as bronchi diameter decreases
- adventitia
What structure has no cartilage in its walls and no glands in the submucosa?
bronchioles
T/F. Terminal bronchioles have goblet cells.
False, goblet cells are not present in terminal bronchioles.
What is the progression of epi as bronchioles get smaller and divide?
- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi
- ciliated simple columnar epi
- ciliated simple CUBOIDAL epi
Do respiratory bronchioles contain ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium?
No, they do not contain cilia
List the structures of the respiratory division.
respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - alveoli
What specialized cells do terminal and respiratory bronchioles have and what is their function?
non-ciliated Clara cells that secrete lipoprotein that prevents bronchiolar wall adhesion during exhalation
How many alveoli are present in adults?
150 - 250 million
What type of cells are squamous cells that line 95% of the alveolar surface?
Type I
Which cells secrete surfactant to keep the alveoli from collapsing with each successive exhalation?
Type II
When do Type II alveolar cells develop?
at the end of the 6th month, therefore premature infants with underdeveloped lungs lacking the production of surfactant can suffer from neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Alveolar ___ are also known as dust cells and phagocytize inhaled particulate matter and RBCs in the CT of septum and in the air space of alveoli.
macrophages
The air in an alveolus and the blood in the capillary is separated be a respiratory membrane, the ___-___ ___.
blood-air barrier.
What is the blood-air barrier composed of?
- Surface lining and cytoplasm of the alveolar cells
- Fused basal laminae of the alveolar cells and capillary endothelial cells
- Cytoplasm of the endothelial cells
T/F. Type I alveolar cells are squamous and Type II cells are cuboidal.
True.
