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SP15 Anatomy 3 > Respiratory System - Histo > Flashcards

Respiratory System - Histo Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three principle functions?

A
  1. Air conduction
  2. Air Filtration
  3. Gas Exchange (respiration)
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2
Q

What other functions does the respiratory system perform?

A
  1. Speech (phonation) – air passing through the larynx is used for speech
  2. Olfactory Sensation – air passing over the olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavities carries stimuli for sense of smell (olfactory sensation)
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3
Q

What is the functional division of the respiratory system?

A
  1. conducting division

2. respiratory division

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4
Q

The ___ division has air passageways that lead to areas of respiration and begin with the nasal cavity and end with terminal bronchioles.

A

conducting

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5
Q

The ___ division is where gas exchange takes place and extends from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli.

A

respiratory

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6
Q

What does it mean for air to be “conditioned” as it moves through the conducting portion?

A

warming, moistening, and removal of particulate materials

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7
Q

___ and ___ secretions moisten the air, trap particles, and prevent the dehydration of the epithelium.

A

Mucous and serous

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8
Q

What structure sweeps the mucous with the trapped particulate matter toward the pharynx to be swallowed?

A

cilia

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9
Q

What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?

A

cilitated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

There are also areas which contain nonkeratinized stratified squamous epi

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10
Q

What different cell types rest on the respiratory epithelium’s thick basement membrane?

A

ciliated columnar cells
goblet cell
basal cells (stem cells)

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11
Q

What two structures make up the conducting systems mucosa layer?

A

respiratory epithelium and lamina propria

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12
Q

The ___ ___ has ___ connective tissue and contain ___ ___ that warm the air. They can contain mucous glands with ___ ___ to supplement the goblet cell secretions.

A

lamina propria; loose; blood vessels; serous demilunes

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13
Q

What are the three layers of the conducting systems wall?

A

mucosa
submucosa
adventitia

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14
Q

The pharynx connects nasal and oral cavities to ___ and ___ and is a passageway for food and air. It has respiratory epithelium and some stratified squamous epithelium.

A

larynx; esophagus

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15
Q

What are the three divisions of the pharynx?

A

nasophaynx
orophaynx
laryngophaynx

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16
Q

List the epithelial layer for each section of the pharynx.

A

Nasopharynx - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Oropharynx - nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx - nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

The ___ is superior to the soft palate and becomes closed off by the soft palate and uvula when ___.

A

nasopharynx; swallowing

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18
Q

The ___ is continuous with both the espophagus and the larynx.

A

laryngopharynx

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19
Q

The ___ conducts air and serves as the organ for speech (i.e., phonation) and is covered with ___ ___. The luminal surface of the ___ ___ is covered with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium along with a large portion of the epiglottis.

A

larynx; respiratory epithelium; vocal folds

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the larynx containing cartilage?

A

for maintaining an open airway as well as sound production and a valve during swallowing

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21
Q

Which larynx cartilages are made of hylaine cartilage?

A

thyroid and cricoid cartilages

22
Q

Which cartilages are made of elastic cartilage?

A

epiglottis, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages

23
Q

Which cartilage of the larynx is mixed with hyaline and elastic cartilage?

A

arytenoid cartilage

24
Q

T/F. The more taut the vocal cords, the slower they vibrate and the lower the pitch.

A

False, the more taut the vocal cords, the more RAPIDLY they vibrate and the HIGHER the pitch.

25
Q

Intrinsic muscles connected to arytenoid cartilages contract and pull on ___ cartilages which loosens or tightens the vocal cords to change the ___ of sounds.

A

arytenoid; pitch

26
Q

Males have longer and thicker vocal cords that ___ pitch and vibrate more ___. Females have shorter and thinner vocal cords that create a ___ pitch and ___ vibrations.

A

lower; slowlyl higher; faster

27
Q

What is found posterior to the “C” -shaped rings of hyaline cartilage of the trachea?

A

fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)

28
Q

What does the tracheal cartilages and trachealis muscles separate?

A

the submuscosa from the adventitia

29
Q

What are the layers of the trachea wall?

A
  1. mucosa with respiratory epi on THICK basement membrane and lamina propria with lots of elastic tissue
  2. submucosa (loose CT) with glands composed of mucus-secreting acini with serous demilunes
  3. carilaginous layer with trachealis muscle
  4. adventitia
30
Q

As the conducting passageways branch and their diameter becomes smaller, the amount of ___ decreases, smooth muscle ___ and the height of the lining of epithelial cells ___.

A

cartilage; increases; decreases

31
Q

The sympathetic system ___ smooth muscle and ___ airways to improve lung ventilation.

A

relaxes; dilates

32
Q

The ____ system constricts ___ ___ and airways.

A

parasympathetic; smooth mucles

33
Q

Which main (primary) bronchi is shorter, wider and more vertical placing people as risk for objects to aspirate there?

A

right main bronchus

34
Q

The right lung has ___ lobes and lobar bronchi and the left lung has ___lobes and lobar bronchi.

A

three; two

35
Q

The left lung has ___-___ bronchopulmonary segments but the right lung has ___.

A

8-10; 10

36
Q

What makes each bronchopulmonary segment convenient for surgical resection of a segment?

A

each bronchopulmonary segment has its own blood supply and connective tissue septa

37
Q

The ___ ___ within the wall of the bronchi will increase as the cartilage decreases and the height of the ____ columnar epithelial cells decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter.

A

smooth muscle; pseudostratified

38
Q

What are the wall layers of bronchi?

A
  1. mucosa with respiratory epi and lamina propria
  2. muscularis
  3. submucosa (glands present in larger bronchi)
  4. cartilaginous layer - decreases as bronchi diameter decreases
  5. adventitia
39
Q

What structure has no cartilage in its walls and no glands in the submucosa?

A

bronchioles

40
Q

T/F. Terminal bronchioles have goblet cells.

A

False, goblet cells are not present in terminal bronchioles.

41
Q

What is the progression of epi as bronchioles get smaller and divide?

A
  1. ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi
  2. ciliated simple columnar epi
  3. ciliated simple CUBOIDAL epi
42
Q

Do respiratory bronchioles contain ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

No, they do not contain cilia

43
Q

List the structures of the respiratory division.

A

respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - alveoli

44
Q

What specialized cells do terminal and respiratory bronchioles have and what is their function?

A

non-ciliated Clara cells that secrete lipoprotein that prevents bronchiolar wall adhesion during exhalation

45
Q

How many alveoli are present in adults?

A

150 - 250 million

46
Q

What type of cells are squamous cells that line 95% of the alveolar surface?

A

Type I

47
Q

Which cells secrete surfactant to keep the alveoli from collapsing with each successive exhalation?

A

Type II

48
Q

When do Type II alveolar cells develop?

A

at the end of the 6th month, therefore premature infants with underdeveloped lungs lacking the production of surfactant can suffer from neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

49
Q

Alveolar ___ are also known as dust cells and phagocytize inhaled particulate matter and RBCs in the CT of septum and in the air space of alveoli.

A

macrophages

50
Q

The air in an alveolus and the blood in the capillary is separated be a respiratory membrane, the ___-___ ___.

A

blood-air barrier.

51
Q

What is the blood-air barrier composed of?

A
  1. Surface lining and cytoplasm of the alveolar cells
  2. Fused basal laminae of the alveolar cells and capillary endothelial cells
  3. Cytoplasm of the endothelial cells
52
Q

T/F. Type I alveolar cells are squamous and Type II cells are cuboidal.

A

True.

SP15 Anatomy 3 (10 decks)

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