Reticular formation Flashcards
A bilateral lesion to the Rostral Reticular Formation and Medial Diencephalon are will result in?.
Coma
What 2 structures does acetylcholine come from?
Basal forebrain
Pomtomesencephalic region
Where are dopamine neurons located?
Ventral midbrain
What are the 3 projection systems/pathways that use dopamine
Mesostriatal
Mesolimbic
Mesocortical
Where is Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) located?
Locus ceruleus
Lateral regimental area (pons medulla)
Where is serotonin located?
Rostral raphe nuclei
Caudal raphe nuclei
“Midline nuclei”
Where is histamine located?
Posterior hypothalamus “H—>H”
T or F….
Antihistamine meds will make you energized ?
False!
Histamine itself makes you alert. An ANTIhistamine will reduce histamine in brain and make you drowsy. Zzzzz
Where is Orexin (hypocretin) located?
Posterior lateral hypothalamus
Where is GABA located?
• Basal forebrain
• Thalami reticular nucleus
• Anterior hypothalamic ventrolateral
preoptic area (VLPO)
During REM sleep what 2 neurotransmitter dec and which one inc? What can this result in?
Norepinephrine and serotonin decrease
ACh increases
ACh release to the PGO Can result in dreaming
What is relaxed in non rem sleep?
VLPO releases GABA to inhibit ACh which would wake you up
What are the characteristics of REM sleep?
• Muscle tone lowest
• Most dreaming occurs
• EEG-similar to awake
What are the characteristics of non REM sleep?
3 stages
• N1–>N3 progressively deeper (N1-3 are sleep stages)
• EEG (N3) similar to coma
A lesion to where results in insomnia?
Anterior hypothalamus VLPO
inhibits arousal so you stay knocked
A lesion to where results in hypersomnia?
Posterior hypothalamus
“Glutamate (supramammilary nucleus), Histamine (tuberomammilary nucleus), Orexin (posterior lateral hypothalamus) all help maintain alert state”
Which neurotramsmitter is released during REM sleep, but not during non-REM sleep?
ACh
How long does someone have to be out to be classified as a coma?
1 hr
What’s the difference btw vegetative state and coma?
Person in Vegetative state will have sleep wake cycles, can open eyes…
Person in coma is in 24 hr nap time, no eyes open
Will a person in brain death elicit brain stem and/or spinal reflexes?
Brain death will still have spinal reflexes (DTRs, like patella) but no brain stem reflexes
