Restrictive Lung Disease-Bootcamp Flashcards
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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is _
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is slow onset of fibrotic deposition in the lungs of unknown etiology
Common symptoms of IPF include:
Common symptoms of IPF include: dyspnea, non-productive cough, fatigue, crackles
_ imaging is often used for the diagnosis of IPF in which _ and _ will be observed
CXR/CT imaging is often used for the diagnosis of IPF in which bilateral diffuse reticulonodular opacities and honeycombing will be observed
* Looks like a net-like pattern of nodular fibrosis
Explain the pathogenesis of IPF
IPF involves repetitive injury, followed by disorganized repair
The repetitive injuries that might lead to IPF include things like _ or _
The repetitive injuries that might lead to IPF include things like smoking or acid reflux
Explain how the repair process of the lungs becomes disorganized in IPF
Type 1 pneumocytes are injured + abnormal BM –>
Type 2 pneumocytes will try to regenerate them –> Hyperplasia with failed differentiation (due to abnormal BM) –>
Impaired re-epithelialization causes fibroblasts to undergo focal proliferation and lay down collagen –>
Fibrotic lungs
When a known chemical or radiation causes damage to the lung resulting in scarring and fibrosis, we call this _
When a known chemical or radiation causes damage to the lung resulting in scarring and fibrosis, we call this drugs and radiation-induced fibrosis
* This is not considered IPF because it has known cause
Four drugs commonly associated with lung fibrosis
- Bleomycin
- Amiodarone
- Methotrexate
- Busulfan
For the first 12 weeks post radiation the effect on the lung is _
For the first 12 weeks post radiation the effect on the lung is neumonitis (inflammation)
Fibrosis can occur _ months after radiation
Fibrosis can occur 6-12 months after radiation
In order for Type II pneumocytes to regenerate Type I pneumocytes there must be presense of _
In order for Type II pneumocytes to regenerate Type I pneumocytes there must be presense of normal basement membrane
What is pneumoconiosis?
Pneumoconiosis is an occupationally acquired restrictive lung disease that occurs after many years of inhaling dust particles
Pneumoconiosis pathogenesis begins with dust particles inhaled –> ?
Dust particles inhaled into alveoli –> Alveolar macrophages phagocytose dust –> Trigger cytokine release –> Activation of fibroblasts –> Fibrosis
Blackened “carbon-laden” macrophages in the upper lungs is called _ and is associated with _
Blackened “carbon-laden” macrophages in the upper lungs is called anthracosis and is associated with coal-miner’s pneumoconiosis
_ pneumoconiosis is associated with an increased risk of TB infection
Silicosis is associated with an increased risk of TB infection
* Silicosis causes macrophage dysfunction
The most common exposure to silicosis is through occupations like _ or _
The most common exposure to silicosis is through occupations like sandblasting or working in foundries
The classic CXR finding associated with silicosis is _
The classic CXR finding associated with silicosis is eggshell calcifications in the hilar lymph nodes
Berylliosis is associated with occupations like _
Berylliosis is associated with occupations like aerospace manufacturing
Inhalation of beryllium is associated with _ pathology
Inhalation of beryllium is associated with formation of non-caseating granulomas and enlarged lymph nodes
* Also associated with increased lung cancer risk
Asbestosis is most common in individuals with a history of _
Asbestosis is most common in individuals with a history of roofing, shipbuilding, house insulation, plumbing
The effect of asbestos on the lung interstitium is _
The effect of asbestos on the lung interstitium is lower lung lobe fibrosis and bronchogenic carcinoma
Over time, the asbestos fibers sitting in the lung interstitium/ pleura can get coated in iron and form _ bodies
Over time, the asbestos fibers sitting in the lung interstitium/ pleura can get coated in iron and form ferruginous bodies
* These are “golden fusiform iron-coated fibers found in asbestos lesions”
The effect of asbestos on the lung pleura is _
The effect of asbestos on the lung pleura is
* Calcified pleural plaques
* Pleural effusions
* Mesothelioma (parietal pleura)
The most common cancer risk for asbestosis patients is _
The most common cancer risk for asbestosis patients is bronchogenic carcinoma
* This is more common than mesothelioma in this population
_ causes of pneumoconiosis tend to affect the upper lungs while _ affects the lower lungs
Coal miners, silicosis, berylliosis tend to affect the upper lungs while asbestosis affects the lower lungs
What is hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a hypersensitivity reaction to environmental antigens that causes cough, granuloma formation, and eventual fibrosis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a type _ hypersensitivity reaction
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a Type III/IV hypersensitivity reaction
Common environmental antigens that can cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis include _
Common environmental antigens that can cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis include mold, bacteria, agricultural particles
Acutely, hypersensitivity pneumonitis causes _
Acutely, hypersensitivity pneumonitis causes inflammation that causes dyspnea, cough, fever
Chronically, hypersensitivity pneumonitis can cause _
Chronically, hypersensitivity pneumonitis can cause non-caseating granuloma formation and fibrosis
* Therefore, people are advised to avoid exposure to the antigen
Two classic cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis are _ and _
Two classic cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis are farmers breathing moldy hay and bird-fanciers breathing bird proteins
We can diagnose hypersensitivity pneumonitis by performing _ procedure which reveals _
We can diagnose hypersensitivity pneumonitis by performing bronchoalveolar lavage which reveals leukocytes
