Fungal Respiratory Pathogens

Question 1

Answer 1

Cryptococus neoformans

Question 2

Answer 2

Aspergillus

Question 3

Answer 3

Mucor

Question 4

Answer 4

Bastomyces

Question 5

Answer 5

Coccidioides

Question 6

Answer 6

Histoplasma

Question 7

Answer 7

Paracoccidioides

Question 8

“Budding yeast/ pseudohyphae”

Answer 8

Candida is a budding yeast/ pseudohyphae

Question 9

“Right angle nonseptate hyphae”

Answer 9

Mucor: “Right angle nonseptate hyphae”

Question 10

“V shaped septate hyphae”

Answer 10

Aspergillus: “V shaped septate hyphae”

Question 11

“Encapsulated yeast on India ink stain”

Answer 11

Cryptococcus neoformans: “Encapsulated yeast on India ink stain”

Question 12

Candida and cryptococcus neoformans are (yeasts/ mold)

Answer 12

Candida and cryptococcus neoformans are yeasts

Question 13

Aspergillus and mucor are (yeast/ mold)

Answer 13

Aspergillus and mucor are mold

Question 14

Blastomyces, coccidioides, histoplasma, and paracoccidioides are all _

Answer 14

Blastomyces, coccidioides, histoplasma, and paracoccidioides are all dimorphic fungi
* Mold in the cold, yeast in the host
* These can cause disease in a healthy host
* Endemic to specific parts of the world

Question 15

“Yeast with broad-based bud”

Answer 15

Blastomyces: “Yeast with broad-based bud”

Question 16

“Sperules filled with endospores”

Answer 16

Coccidioides: “Sperules filled with endospores”

Question 17

Yeast with multiple buds; looks like a captain’s wheel

Answer 17

Paracoccidioides: Yeast with multiple buds; looks like a captain’s wheel

Question 18

“Small yeasts inside macrophages”

Answer 18

Histoplasma: “Small yeasts inside macrophages”

Question 19

Blastomyces is endemic to _ regions

Answer 19

Blastomyces is endemic to OH and MS rivers

Question 20

Coccidioides is endemic to _ regions

Answer 20

Coccidioides is endemic to southwestern US

Question 21

Histoplasma is endemic to _ regions

Answer 21

Histoplasma is endemic to OH and MS river valleys

Question 22

Paracoccidioides is endemic to _

Answer 22

Paracoccidioides is endemic to South America

Question 23

Fungal infection from bird and bat droppings

Answer 23

Fungal infection from bird and bat droppings: Histoplasma

Question 24

Pneumocystis jiroveci is an opportunistic fungus that is most classicallly found in _ patients

Answer 24

Pneumocystis jiroveci is an opportunistic fungus that is most classicallly found in AIDS patients

Question 25

***Pneumocystis jiroveci*** causes _ type pneumonia

Answer 25

***Pneumocystis jiroveci*** causes **Interstitial** pneumonia that is characterized by *diffuse crackles with ground glass* appearance

Question 26

How does PJP appear when it is in fungi form?

Answer 26

PJP has **cyst-like** disc-shaped fungi formed in the lung tissue

Question 27

Fluconazole is best for treating _ three fungal infections

Answer 27

Fluconazole is best for treating **Three C's** fungal infections: 1. **Candida albicans** 2. **Coccidioides** 3. **Cryptococcus neoformans**

Question 28

Fluconazole is typically used to treat candida, coccidioides, cryptococcus neoformans; its counterpart _ is the more broad-spectrum azole

Answer 28

Fluconazole is typically used to treat candida, coccidioides, cryptococcus neoformans; its counterpart **Itraconazole** is the more broad-spectrum azole

Question 29

The anti-fungal drug with the broadest spectrum, but the most severe side effects is _

Answer 29

The anti-fungal drug with the broadest spectrum, but the most severe side effects is **amphotericin B** * Most commonly used for disseminated, complicated infections

Question 30

The azoles inhibit the synthesis of _ , which is an important component of fungal cell walls

Answer 30

The azoles inhibit the synthesis of **ergosterol** , which is an important component of fungal cell walls

Question 31

Azole drugs specifically work by inhibiting _ enzyme

Answer 31

Azole drugs specifically work by inhibiting **lanosterol demethylase**

Question 32

Amphotericin B is a polyene drug; that works by _

Answer 32

Amphotericin B is a polyene drug; that works by **binding ergosterol and penetrating the fungal membrane** * This leads to cell death

Question 33

Amphotericin is notorious for causing _ side effects

Answer 33

Amphotericin is notorious for causing **"shake and bake"** side effects: * Fever * Chills * Muscle spasms * Hypotension * N/V * Headache

Question 34

Amphotericin also has effect on the kidneys; it can cause _ (vascular) and _ (electrolyte abnormality)

Answer 34

Amphotericin also has effect on the kidneys; it can cause **afferent vasoconstriction** and **hypokalemia**

Question 35

SMX/TMP (antibiotic) is a anti-fungal regimen that can be used to treat fungal infections by _

Answer 35

SMX/TMP (antibiotic) is a anti-fungal regimen that can be used to treat fungal infections by ***Pneumocystis jirovecii*** * SMX is competitive antagonist of PABA * TMP is a competitive antagonist of DHFR * Both interupt DNA synthesis/ folic acid synthesis